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ANATOMY Thorax/Back Objective Questions > Osseous Structures of Back > Flashcards

Osseous Structures of Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

-absorbs shock (curves allow for this)
-protects the spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

-cervical (7 vertebrae)
-thoracic (12 vertebrae)
-lumbar (5 vertebrae)
-sacral (sacrum/coccyx bones)

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3
Q

What is a primary (kyphotic) curve of the vertebral column?

A

Curve with concavity facing anterior and convexity (bump) facing posterior
*backward curve/curls inward

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4
Q

What is a secondary (lordotic) curve of the vertebral column?

A

Curve with concavity facing posterior and convexity facing anterior
*forward curve/flexes outward

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5
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are primary (kyphotic)?

A

Thoracic and sacral

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6
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are secondary (lordotic)?

A

cervical and lumbar

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7
Q

What ONLY curve is present at birth?

A

Primary (kyphotic)
Think: babies have a curled in appearance, cannot hold their heads up

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8
Q

What curves develop with weight bearing?

A

Secondary (lordotic) curves

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9
Q

What secondary (lordotic) curve helps with holding up the head/sitting upright?

A

Cervical

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10
Q

Which secondary (lordotic) curve helps with standing and walking?

A

Lumbar

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11
Q

What do we look for clinically when observing the vertebral column?

A

Normal curvature

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12
Q

What is lordosis (condition)?

A

Excessive secondary curvature in lumbar region (butt and upper back stick out)
*postural changes and orthopedic abnormalities cause this

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13
Q

What is kyphosis (condition)?

A

Excessive primary curve of thoracic spine
(leaning forward)
*compression fracture, postural habits, pathology

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14
Q

What is scoliosis (condition)?

A

Lateral deviation with a rotary component
bending curves and twisting of vertebrae

If convexity goes to the right it would be R thoracic scoliosis (and vice versa for left)

*school screenings are available for children so the curve will not progress during growth, treatment based on severity and progression of curve

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15
Q

What movements does the vertebral column aid in?

A

-flexion (trunk bending foward)
-extension (trunk bending backward)
-lateral flexion (bending toward side)
-rotation (twisting from R to L)

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16
Q

What are the typical vertebrae?

A

All vertebrae other than C1 and C2

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17
Q

What part of a typical vertebrae gradually increases in size to support increasing body weight?

A

Body (T4 and below gradually increases)

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18
Q

What features make up the vertebral (neural) arch of a typical vertebrae?

A

-ring/arch at the back of the vertebrae
pedicle: part of the ring that emerges out of the back of the vertebral body
lamina: flatter part of the ring toward the

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19
Q

What are spinous processes of typical vertebrae? What purpose do they serve?

A

-bump that projects out of the back of the vertebral arch (junction of R/L lamina merge to form processes)
*attachment/lever for spinal muscles

20
Q

What are transverse processes of typical vertebrae? What purpose do they serve?

A

bumps that stick out of the sides of the vertebrae
*attachment/lever for spinal muscles

21
Q

What is an articular process of a typical vertebrae? What purpose do they serve?

A

*SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
bony process sticking up at the junction of the lamina/pedicle
-have a smooth surface to articulate with the vertebrae above/below and form facet joints

22
Q

What are the vertebral notches of typical vertebrae?

A

Superior notch: notch of the top of a vertebrae that forms the bottom border of the intervertebral foramen hole
Inferior notch: notch on the bottom of a vertebrae that forms the top border of the intervertebral foramen hole

23
Q

What is an intervertebral foramen of typical vertebrae?

A

opening in between vertebrae formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches (formed by two vertebrae coming together

24
Q

What is a vertebral foramen of typical vertebrae?

A

Opening formed by the vertebral body and the vertebral arch of a vertebrae

25
Q

What makes up the vertebral canal of typical vertebrae?

A

the vertebral foramen (openings) of 2 or more vertebrae form a canal when stacked together

26
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae?

A

C1 and C2

27
Q

What features make up vertebra C1 (atlas)?

A

-anterior arch (smaller arch in front) with little bump called anterior tubercle

-posterior arch (bigger arch in back) with little bump called posterior tubercle

-lateral mass: bulk of bone on the sides of the vertebrae with:
-superior facets that articulate with the occiput to allow flexion and extension
-inferior facets that articulate with C2 for rotation movement

-transverse processes: processes that stick out on the side (with transverse foramen)

28
Q

What features make up vertebra C2 (axis)?

A

-dens: large mass that sticks up and allows for pivoting of C1 (rotation of neck/head) synovial joint here !
-vertebral body
-transverse process: stick out on each side

29
Q

What is the only vertebra that has a dens?

A

C2 (axis)

30
Q

What makes up the cervical vertebrae ?

A

C3-C7

31
Q

What are the features of cervical vertebrae?

A

-body: small/rectangular and wider from side to side

-vertebral foramen: triangular shape and LARGE

-transverse foramen: unique to cervical spine! vertebral arteries ascend here

-spinous process: bifid (do not join completely at the end) on C3-5, C7 is the most prominent/largest process of cervical spine

-uncinate process: on top of vertebral bodies, have raised lips/edges

32
Q

What makes up the thoracic vertebrae?

A

T1-T12

33
Q

What shape do the bodies of thoracic vertebrae resemble?

A

Heart
Also have costal facets!

34
Q

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

-Body (heart)

-vertebral foramen: smaller, circular

-transverse process: HAVE COSTAL FACETS, articulate with RIBS

-spinous process: longest in vertebral column, and extend inferiorly to the segment below

35
Q

How are the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae unique?

A

They have costal facets that articulate with the ribs called transverse costal facets

36
Q

What makes up the lumbar vertebrae?

A

L1-L5

37
Q

What shape do the bodies of lumbar vertebrae resemble?

A

Kidney

38
Q

What features make up the lumbar vertebrae?

A

-body: kidney shaped

-vertebral foramen: larger than thoracic but smaller than cervical

-spinous processes: sturdy, “hatchet” shaped

39
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

Bone at the bottom of the vertebral column (S1-S5)

40
Q

What are the features of the sacrum?

A

-apex: inferior end of the sacrum

-base: top of the sacrum (superior portion of S1)

-median sacral crest: a midline crest formed by fused spinous processes (all fuse together to form one bone/ridge)

41
Q

What is the promontory of the sacrum?

A

A prominent ridge at the very top/base of the sacrum

42
Q

What is the ala portion of the sacrum?

A

The superior/lateral portion of the sacrum

43
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

Inferior opening of the sacral calnal at the apex of the sacrum (sometimes used for needle insertion during inferior epidural approach)

44
Q

What are sacral cornu (horns)?

A

Two raised bumps/horns formed by the pedicules of S5 at the bottom of the sacrum
*easy to palpate and find the sacral hiatus in between them

45
Q

What is the sacral canal? What does it contain?

A

A continuation of the spinal/vertebral canal
-sacral nerve roots descend through the canal and exit out of through the openings of the sacrum (cauda equina)

46
Q

What is the coccyx? What purpose does it serve?

A

ANATOMY Thorax/Back Objective Questions (20 decks)

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