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KIN 335 > Pulmonary Physiology Review > Flashcards

Pulmonary Physiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Conducting Zone of Ventilation

A

Trachea, Primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles

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2
Q

What is the Transitional & Respiratory Zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac

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3
Q

What is the purpose of multiple zones of ventilation?

A

greater surface area for gas exchange to occur on

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4
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

Gas diffusions across a fluid membrane: inversely proportional to tissue thickness & directly proportional to tissue area, diffusion constant, pressure differential of the gas on each side of membrane

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5
Q

What happens when the pressure differential of a membrane is greater?

A

Greater gas exchange because greater spread of differential

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6
Q

Minute Ventilation (VE)

A

volume of air breathed each minute ( VE = breathing rate x tidal volume)

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7
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

the process of inspired air reaching alveoli & participating in gas exchange (about 350ml/500ml of inspired tidal volume)

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8
Q

Purpose of alveolar ventilation

A

it determines gaseous concentrations at alveolar-capillary membrane

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9
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

the air that doesn’t enter alveoli and participate in gaseous exchange with blood (~150-200ml)

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10
Q

What are typical values for pulmonary ventilation during: rest, mod exercise, intense exercise

A

(Breath/min = 12, 30, 50); (TV= 0.5, 2.5, 3.0); (Pulmonary ventilation: 6, 75, 150)

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11
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion (V-P)

A

average ratio = 0.84 (0.85 L of alveolar ventilation for each L of blood flow)

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12
Q

Partial Pressure of gasses in ambient air

A

760mmHg (sea level)

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13
Q

What is the concentration of gases in ambient air?

A

~79% N2, 21%, 0.03% CO2

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14
Q

What is significant about tracheal air?

A

PO2 in tracheal air decreases by 10mmHg from ambient pressure, due to humidification (PCO2 effects are negligible)

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15
Q

What is significant about alveolar air?

A

Different bc CO2 continually enters alveoli from blood, and O2 continually enters blood from alveoli

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16
Q

How different is PO2 & PCO2 in ambient air, tracheal air, and alveolar air? mmHg

A

Ambient: PO2 = 159, PCO2 = 0.2
Tracheal: PO2 = 149, PCO2 = 0.2
Alveolar: PO2 = 103, PCO2 = 39

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17
Q

Henry’s Law

A

amount of gas dissolved in a fluid is proportional to partial pressure of the gas aver the liquid (when temp is constant)
(when equilibrium gets established between liquid & gas above it)

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18
Q

What factors determine the rate of gas diffusion into a fluid?

A
  • Pressure differential b/w gas above fluid & gas dissolved in fluid
  • Solubility of gas in fluid
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19
Q

What is significant about the solubility of oxygen?

A

its low solubility makes it easier to combine to Hb so it can dissolve into a fluid (pressure will increase to help..?)

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20
Q

What is significant about the solubility of CO2?

A

its high solubility means it doesn’t need any help dissolving into a fluid

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21
Q

How does CO2 travel from the blood into alveoli?

A

the pressure of CO2 in blood is greater than alveoli. Diffuses via pressure gradient

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22
Q

How does O2 travel from alveoli into the blood?

A

the pressure of O2 in the alveoli is greater than in the blood

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23
Q

what happens to N2 during gas exchange?

A

nothing, stays the same

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24
Q

How fast does alveolar gas-blood equilibrium occur?

A

0.25s

25
Q

Describe the pressure changes to O2 & CO2 as you inhale then exhale

A

Inspired are is PO2 =159mmHg, due to humidification PO2 becomes 149mmHg. Due to continuous gas exchange, PO2 =100mmHg & PCO2 = 40mmHg on average. Gases travel in the arterial blood until they get to the capillaries. Depending on the muscles metabolic demands, O2 will diffuse into the muscle & CO2 will diffuse out. Now, at rest PCO2 = 46mmHg & PO2 = 40mmHg & travels with the venous blood to the heart & back to lungs

26
Q

What is unique about alveolar gas concentration?

A

it will stay stable even during strenuous activity that increases VO2 & VCO2 output 25 times resting values

27
Q

What is the PO2 & PCO2 in muscles cells at rest & during excerice?

A

rest: PO2=40mmHg, PCO2=46mmHg
Vigorous exercise: PO2=0mmHg, PCO2=90mmHg

28
Q

How does blood transport O2?

A
  1. loose combination with Hb (iron-protein molecule in RBC)
  2. physical solution dissolved in fluid portion of blood
29
Q

What is the function of O2 when transported in physical solution?

A
  1. establishes PO2 of plasma & tissue fluids
  2. helps regulate breathing, particularly at altitude
  3. Determines O2 loading of hemoglobin in lungs & release in tissues
30
Q

Facts about Hemoglobin

A
  • 20mL of O2 is transported in each dL of blood
  • can carry 65-70x more O2 than dissolved in plasma
  • each Hb can carry 4 O2 molecules
  • PO2 dissolved ini physical solution determines if O2 binds to Hb
31
Q

what is the oxygen-carrying capacity of Hb for men vs women?

A

men=15g Hb/dL blood; women=14g Hb/dL blood
(1g of Hb combines with 1.34mL of O2)

32
Q

How does an increase of temperature affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

more off loading of O2 from the blood into the muscles
(curve shifts down & right)
- reason why you warm up muscles before competition
- greater PO2 pressure means faster movement of O2 from blood to tissues bc following pressure gradient

33
Q

How does a decrease of temperature affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

O2 will bind to O2 for a longer time
(curve shifts up & left)
- less O2 available for tissues
- lower PO2 means slower movement of O2 from blood to tissue bc pressure gradient

34
Q

Which way does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to an increase of acidity?

A

down & right
- related to increase of H+ ions
- Bohr affect

35
Q

Which way does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to a decrease of acidity?

A

up & left
- related to decrease of H+ ions

36
Q

What is P50?

A

when Hb is 50% saturated with O2 , PO2 = ~25mmHg

37
Q

Explain the oxygen transport cascade (from the atmosphere to the mitochondria)

A

PO2: ambient air =159, tracheal air = 149, alveolar air = 103, arterial = 98, mean capillary = 40, myoglobin = 2-3

38
Q

Explain the Bohr Effect

A

occurs when the oxyHb curve shifts down & right due to temp increases or plasma acidity.
- O2 binding affinity is decreased bc H+ & CO2 alter Hb structure

39
Q

What is the average PO2 in tissues and why is it significant?

A

40mmHg in cell fluids.
This makes diffusion from plasma into the capillary membranes then tissues possible. the reduced PO2 in plasma lowers O2 saturation of Hb in RBC

40
Q

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-vO2)

A

the difference of O2 in arterial blood & mixed-venous blood.
average = 4-5mL O2/dL blood at rest

41
Q

What happens to a-vO2 during exercise?

A

a-vO2 difference is greater.
O2 release is increased 3x = ~15mL O2/dL blood
O2 supply limits aerobic exercise capacity

42
Q

Explain why RBCs cannot get saturated 100%

A

it produced a compound 2,3-DPG due to no mitochondria, and gets energy from anaerobic glycolysis

43
Q

What impact does 2,3-DPG in the RBC have on O2?

A

O2 affinity is reduced due to the binding of 2,3-DPG with Hb
Result: greater O2 release to tissues for a decrease in PO2
During strenuous exercise: 2,3-DPG aids O2 transfer to active muscles

44
Q

How does the blood carry CO2 to the lung?

A
  1. Physical solution in plasma (10%)
  2. Combined with Hb within RBC (20%)
  3. Plasma bicarbonate (60-80%) - transports via RBC
45
Q

How does CO2 become bicarbonate?

A

in RBC of tissue, CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 (w/ carbonic anhydrase) -then, H2CO3 –> H + HCO3

in lungs, H + HCO2 –> H2CO3 –> w/ carbonic anhydrase CO2 + H2O

46
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

ability of deoxygenated Hb to carry more CO2 than in oxygenated state (from tissue to blood to lungs)

47
Q

How does the Haldane effect help CO2 exit through the lungs?

A

CO2 moves into solution & then alveoli due to plasma PCO2 decrease in lungs (due to the reverse of carbamino formation)

48
Q

Describe O2 & CO2 dissociation curves

A

PO2 a-vO2 difference = big
- large pressure difference bw a-v for a low amount of O2 concentration
- ex. v: O2 ~18 at PO2 of 40, a: O2 ~20 at PO2 of 100
result: greater pressure difference bw arterial & venous blood

PCO2 a-vCO2 difference = small
- small pressure difference bw a-v for a greater level of concentration of CO2

49
Q

What are the partial pressure differenced for CO2 in the arterial and venous blood?

A

Arterial = greater PO2 & lower PCO2
Venous = greater PCO2 & lower PO2

50
Q

What is a buffer?

A

mechanisms to minimize changed in H+ concentration (maintain homeostasis)

51
Q

Define Alkalosis

A

decrease in H+ concentration (more basic)

52
Q

Define Acidosis

A

increase in H+ concentration (more acidic)

53
Q

What are chemical buffers?

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers

54
Q

How does sodium bicarbonate impact exercise performance? (buffer)

A

during exercise H+ content increases. sodium bicarbonate binds with H+ to reduce acidity
result: prolonging energy metabolism to sustain power output during exercise

55
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation regulated?

A
  1. bloods chemical state (greatest control)
    ex. PO2, PCO@, pH, temperature activate neural units in medulla/arterial system to make adjustments
  2. intricate neural circuits (i.e. sensors)
    ex.
    peripheral chemoreceptors
    receptors in the lung
    proprioceptors in joints & muscles
    core temperature
    chemical state of blood in medulla
56
Q

What stimulates ventilation during exercise?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors
- in response to increases in temperature, acidity, CO2, & potassium concentrations

57
Q

Role of the carotid bodies

A

monitors state of arterial blood before it gets to brain tissue
(if PO2 is low, it’ll stimulate to increase ventilation)

58
Q

Importance of Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  1. defend against arterial hypoxia for:
    - pulmonary disease
    - ascent to higher altitudes
  2. help regulate exercise hyperpnea

KIN 335 (7 decks)

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