Pulmonary Physiology Flashcards by Lauren Molinaro

respiratory centers affect ___ & ____ of ventilation

rate

depth

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respiratory centers are influenced by: (3)

higher brain centers
peripheral mechanorecptors
peripheral & central chemoreceptors

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muscles of inspiration

diaphragm
external intercostals
SCM
anterior serratus
scaleni
serratus posterior superior
levator costarum

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muscles of expiration

rectus abdominis
external and internal obliques
transverse abdominis
internal intercostals
serratus posterior inferior
transversus thoracis
pyramidal

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all muscles of inspiration _____ rib cage, EXCEPT ____

lift

diaphragm

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muscles that when contract INCREASE thoracic cage volume (by 3% of TBE)

muscles of inspiration

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muscles that when contract PULL rib cage DOWN and DECREASE thoracic cage volume

muscles of expiration

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under resting conditions, expiration is ______ and associated with the _____ of lungs

passive

recoil

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3 types of pressure that are considerations for movement of air in/out of lungs

pleural pressure
alveolar pressure
transpulmonary pressure

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NEGATIVE pressure btwn parietal and visceral pleural that keeps lung inflated against chest wall

pleural pressure

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subatmospheric during INSPIRATION

supra-atmospheric during EXPIRATION

alveolar pressure

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difference btwn alveolar and pleural pressure

measure of RECOIL tendency of lung

transpulmonary pressure

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transpulmonary pressure peaks at _____ of _____

end of INSPIRATION

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at onset of INSPIRATION, ____ pressure > _______, which is called ______

pleural pressure > lung volume

hysteresis

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it is easier to inflate saline filled lung than air filled lung bc ________ forces have been _______ in saline filled lung

surface tension

eliminated

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thoracic cage REDUCES compliance by _____ at the END of a normal ______

1/2

expiration

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3 types of work of INSPIRATION

compliance work
tissue resistance work
airway resistance work

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work required to expand lung against lung and chest forces

compliance (elastic) work

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work required to overcome viscosity of chest wall and lung

tissue resistance work

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_____% of TBE is used during normal quiet respiration

3-5

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lungs have natural tendency to _____; surface tension forces are _____ cause and elastic fibers are _____ cause

collapse
2/3
1/3

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_________ pressure keeps lungs against chest wall = “SUCTION”

Negative pleural pressure

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if ____ pressure = ______ pressure, lung will COLLAPSE

pleural

atmospheric

causes of lung collapse

puncture of parietal pleural

erosion of visceral pleura (or blockage)

thin layer of mucoid fluid

pleural fluid

pleural fluid provides ____ & is considered a ______; excess is removed through _____

lubrication transudate (ISF + protein) lymphatics

collection of large amounts of free fluid in pleural space; edema of pleural cavity

pleural effusion

possible causes of pleural effusion

blockage of lymphatic drainage cardiac failure-increased capillary filtration P reduced plasma colloid osmotic P infection/inflammation of pleural surfaces

reduces surface tension forces by forming a monomolecular layer btwn aqueous fluid lining alveoli and air, preventing a water-air interface

surfactant

surfactant is produced by ________ epithelial cells, specifically made of: dipalmitoyl lecithin surfactant apoproteins Ca++ ions

type II alveolar epithelial cells

Surfactant OFFSETS the physical tendency of ______ alveoli having increased ______ pressure and would tend to empty into _______ alveoli

smaller collapsed larger ("big get bigger, small get smaller")

As the alveolar size ________, surfactant is concentrated which _____ surface tension forces, offsetting the _____ in ______

decreases decreases decrease radius

__, ____ & ____ CANNOT be determined with basic spirometry, and instead use _____ method

RV FRC TLC helium dilution method

___,____ & _____ DECREASE with restrictive lung conditions

VC IRV IC

___ generations of branching in lungs BRONCHI have ___ generations BRONCHIOLES have _____ generations RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES have ______ generations

20 11 5 4

_______ give rise to alveolar sacs, which give rise to ______, 300 million with SA of ______

alveolar ducts alveoli 50-100 m2

area where gas exchange cannot occur; 150 mL | *Calculated using pure O2 inspiration and measuring N in expired air

dead space

physiological dead space = ____ + ____

anatomical + non-functional alveoli

equation for alveolar volume

FRC- dead space

3 parts of EFFERENT ANS neuronal control of airways

SNS-beta receptors parasympathetic -muscarine receptors NANC nerves

SNS-beta receptors cause ______; DIRECT effect is _____; INDIRECT effect predominates via circulating ______

dilation weak epinephrine

parasympathetic-muscarine receptors cause

constriction

inhibitory NANC nerves release ___ and ___ --> ______ | stimulatory --> _____ , mucous secretion, vascular ______, cough, vaso_____ and "neurogenic inflammation"

``` VIP and NO bronchoDILATION bronchiCONSTRICTION vascular HYPERpermeability vasoDILATION ```

-stretch receptors -smooth muscle of proximal airways are _____ nerves of ANS control of airways

afferent

in ANS control of airways, _____ contain neuropeptides, and are selectivity + by _____

c-fibers | capsaicin

local factors for ANS control of airways that cause DILATION

histamine --> H2 | prostaglandins E series

local factors for ANS control of airways that cause CONSTRICTION

histamine --> H1 | prostaglandins F series

smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, acidic elements in smog are considered _____ and elicit constriction of airways mediated by ____ & ____

environmental pollution parasympathetic reflex local constrictor responses

normal level of HCO3 is ____; metabolic ACIDOSIS will cause ___ ventilation; metabolic _____ will cause ____ ventilation organ that regulates is _____

24 mEq/L + - kidney

normal level of CO2 is _____; respiratory ACIDOSIS will cause ____ ventilation; respiratory ALKALOSIS will cause _____ ventilation organ that regulates is ____

40 mm Hg + - lung

pulmonary artery wall is ____x as thick as aorta | RV is ____x as thick as LV

1/3 | 1/3

all pulmonary arteries have larger ______, which is more COMPLIANT, operates under _____ pressure and can accommodate ___ of SV from RV - pulmonary veins are ____, but similar compliance compared to _____ veins

``` lumen lower pressure 2/3 shorter systemic ```

total pulmonic blood volume= ____ mL | -shifts have a ____ effect on pulmonary circulation

450 | greater

supplies oxygenated blood to the supporting tissue and airways of the lung -drainage is into exiguous or pulmonary veins

systemic bronchial arteries

only organ that receives blood flow in excess of cardiac output because it receives BOTH total pulmonic flow and some systemic flow simultaneously

lung

RV output + bronchial artery flow

total flow to the lungs

___ =100% of cardiac output, while ____ is only a SMALL % of systemic blood flow

right ventricular output | bronchial artery flow