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Phys Exam III > Pulmonary Physiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory centers affect ___ & ____ of ventilation

A

rate

depth

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2
Q

respiratory centers are influenced by: (3)

A

higher brain centers
peripheral mechanorecptors
peripheral & central chemoreceptors

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3
Q

muscles of inspiration

A 
diaphragm
external intercostals
SCM
anterior serratus
scaleni
serratus posterior superior
levator costarum
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4
Q

muscles of expiration

A 
rectus abdominis
external and internal obliques
transverse abdominis
internal intercostals
serratus posterior inferior
transversus thoracis
pyramidal
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5
Q

all muscles of inspiration _____ rib cage, EXCEPT ____

A

lift

diaphragm

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6
Q

muscles that when contract INCREASE thoracic cage volume (by 3% of TBE)

A

muscles of inspiration

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7
Q

muscles that when contract PULL rib cage DOWN and DECREASE thoracic cage volume

A

muscles of expiration

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8
Q

under resting conditions, expiration is ______ and associated with the _____ of lungs

A

passive

recoil

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9
Q

3 types of pressure that are considerations for movement of air in/out of lungs

A

pleural pressure
alveolar pressure
transpulmonary pressure

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10
Q

NEGATIVE pressure btwn parietal and visceral pleural that keeps lung inflated against chest wall

A

pleural pressure

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11
Q

subatmospheric during INSPIRATION

supra-atmospheric during EXPIRATION

A

alveolar pressure

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12
Q

difference btwn alveolar and pleural pressure

measure of RECOIL tendency of lung

A

transpulmonary pressure

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13
Q

transpulmonary pressure peaks at _____ of _____

A

end of INSPIRATION

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14
Q

at onset of INSPIRATION, ____ pressure > _______, which is called ______

A

pleural pressure > lung volume

hysteresis

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15
Q

it is easier to inflate saline filled lung than air filled lung bc ________ forces have been _______ in saline filled lung

A

surface tension

eliminated

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16
Q

thoracic cage REDUCES compliance by _____ at the END of a normal ______

A

1/2

expiration

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17
Q

3 types of work of INSPIRATION

A

compliance work
tissue resistance work
airway resistance work

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18
Q

work required to expand lung against lung and chest forces

A

compliance (elastic) work

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19
Q

work required to overcome viscosity of chest wall and lung

A

tissue resistance work

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20
Q

_____% of TBE is used during normal quiet respiration

A

3-5

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21
Q

lungs have natural tendency to _____; surface tension forces are _____ cause and elastic fibers are _____ cause

A

collapse
2/3
1/3

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22
Q

_________ pressure keeps lungs against chest wall = “SUCTION”

A

Negative pleural pressure

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23
Q

if ____ pressure = ______ pressure, lung will COLLAPSE

A

pleural

atmospheric

24
Q

causes of lung collapse

A

puncture of parietal pleural

erosion of visceral pleura (or blockage)

25
Q

thin layer of mucoid fluid

A

pleural fluid

26
Q

pleural fluid provides ____ & is considered a ______; excess is removed through _____

A

lubrication
transudate (ISF + protein)
lymphatics

27
Q

collection of large amounts of free fluid in pleural space; edema of pleural cavity

A

pleural effusion

28
Q

possible causes of pleural effusion

A

blockage of lymphatic drainage
cardiac failure-increased capillary filtration P
reduced plasma colloid osmotic P
infection/inflammation of pleural surfaces

29
Q

reduces surface tension forces by forming a monomolecular layer btwn aqueous fluid lining alveoli and air, preventing a water-air interface

A

surfactant

30
Q

surfactant is produced by ________ epithelial cells, specifically made of:
dipalmitoyl lecithin
surfactant apoproteins
Ca++ ions

A

type II alveolar epithelial cells

31
Q

Surfactant OFFSETS the physical tendency of ______ alveoli having increased ______ pressure and would tend to empty into _______ alveoli

A

smaller
collapsed
larger
(“big get bigger, small get smaller”)

32
Q

As the alveolar size ________, surfactant is concentrated which _____ surface tension forces, offsetting the _____ in ______

A

decreases
decreases
decrease
radius

33
Q

__, ____ & ____ CANNOT be determined with basic spirometry, and instead use _____ method

A

RV
FRC
TLC
helium dilution method

34
Q

___,____ & _____ DECREASE with restrictive lung conditions

A

VC
IRV
IC

35
Q

___ generations of branching in lungs
BRONCHI have ___ generations
BRONCHIOLES have _____ generations
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES have ______ generations

A

20
11
5
4

36
Q

_______ give rise to alveolar sacs, which give rise to ______, 300 million with SA of ______

A

alveolar ducts
alveoli
50-100 m2

37
Q

area where gas exchange cannot occur; 150 mL

*Calculated using pure O2 inspiration and measuring N in expired air

A

dead space

38
Q

physiological dead space = ____ + ____

A

anatomical + non-functional alveoli

39
Q

equation for alveolar volume

A

FRC- dead space

40
Q

3 parts of EFFERENT ANS neuronal control of airways

A

SNS-beta receptors
parasympathetic -muscarine receptors
NANC nerves

41
Q

SNS-beta receptors cause ______; DIRECT effect is _____; INDIRECT effect predominates via circulating ______

A

dilation
weak
epinephrine

42
Q

parasympathetic-muscarine receptors cause

A

constriction

43
Q

inhibitory NANC nerves release ___ and ___ –> ______

stimulatory –> _____ , mucous secretion, vascular ______, cough, vaso_____ and “neurogenic inflammation”

A 
VIP and NO
bronchoDILATION
bronchiCONSTRICTION
vascular HYPERpermeability
vasoDILATION
44
Q

-stretch receptors
-smooth muscle of proximal airways
are _____ nerves of ANS control of airways

A

afferent

45
Q

in ANS control of airways, _____ contain neuropeptides, and are selectivity + by _____

A

c-fibers

capsaicin

46
Q

local factors for ANS control of airways that cause DILATION

A

histamine –> H2

prostaglandins E series

47
Q

local factors for ANS control of airways that cause CONSTRICTION

A

histamine –> H1

prostaglandins F series

48
Q

smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, acidic elements in smog are considered _____ and elicit constriction of airways mediated by ____ & ____

A

environmental pollution
parasympathetic reflex
local constrictor responses

49
Q

normal level of HCO3 is ____; metabolic ACIDOSIS will cause ___ ventilation; metabolic _____ will cause ____ ventilation
organ that regulates is _____

A

24 mEq/L
+
-
kidney

50
Q

normal level of CO2 is _____; respiratory ACIDOSIS will cause ____ ventilation; respiratory ALKALOSIS will cause _____ ventilation
organ that regulates is ____

A

40 mm Hg
+
-
lung

51
Q

pulmonary artery wall is ____x as thick as aorta

RV is ____x as thick as LV

A

1/3

1/3

52
Q

all pulmonary arteries have larger ______, which is more COMPLIANT, operates under _____ pressure and can accommodate ___ of SV from RV
- pulmonary veins are ____, but similar compliance compared to _____ veins

A 
lumen
lower pressure
2/3
shorter
systemic
53
Q

total pulmonic blood volume= ____ mL

-shifts have a ____ effect on pulmonary circulation

A

450

greater

54
Q

supplies oxygenated blood to the supporting tissue and airways of the lung
-drainage is into exiguous or pulmonary veins

A

systemic bronchial arteries

55
Q

only organ that receives blood flow in excess of cardiac output because it receives BOTH total pulmonic flow and some systemic flow simultaneously

A

lung

56
Q

RV output + bronchial artery flow

A

total flow to the lungs

57
Q

___ =100% of cardiac output, while ____ is only a SMALL % of systemic blood flow

A

right ventricular output

bronchial artery flow

Phys Exam III (4 decks)

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