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Phys Exam III > Practice Exam Material > Flashcards

Practice Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

inspiration is possible even WITHOUT rib cage movement due to:

A

diaphragm breathing (only muscle that does NOT use thoracic cage)

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2
Q

muscles of inspiration

A 
diaphragm
EX intercostals
SCM
Ant/Post superior serratus
scaleni
levator costarum
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3
Q

muscles of expiration

A 
abdominals
INT intercostals
Post Inf. Serratus
transverse thoracis
pyramidal
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4
Q

during EXP, order of pressure GREATEST to least

A

alveolar P
atmospheric P
pleural P (pleural always lowest)

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5
Q

___ pressure = ____ pressure at END of expiration or inspiration

A

atmospheric

alveolar

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6
Q

hysteresis: ___ pressure changes at a FASTER rate than ___ VOLUME at beginning of ___

A

pleural pressure> lung volume

inspiration

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7
Q

measure of recoil tendency of lung;

difference btwn ALVEOLAR & PLEURAL pressure

A

transpulmonary pressure

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8
Q

negative pressure btwn PARIETAL and VISCERAL pleura that keeps lung inflated against chest wall

A

pleural pressure

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9
Q

during INSP, order of pressure GREATEST to least

A

atmospheric P
alveolar P
pleural P

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10
Q

when would alveolar P= pleural P

A

hole in chest

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11
Q

greatest amount of recoil occurs

A

at END of INSPIRATION

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12
Q

muscle of expiration that is important for spine/low lumbar pain

A

transverse abdominis

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13
Q

fxn of surfactant (3)

A

reduces surface tension
helps stabilize alveolar size
offsets collapse pressure as radius DECREASE

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14
Q

fxn of pleural fluid (3)

A

provides lubrication
transudate (ISF + protein)
helps create NEGATIVE pleural P
(small amount of fluid – excess removed by lymphatics)

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15
Q

___, _____ and prostaglandin ____ cause CONSTRICTION on airway smooth muscle

A

parasympathetics
H1
prostaglandin F

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16
Q

___, _____ and prostaglandin ____cause DILATION on airway smooth muscle

A

sympathetics (including catecholamines)
H2
prostaglandin E & I

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17
Q

most recoil tendency in the lungs is due to

A

surface tension forces

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18
Q

pathophysiological consequences of hyperventilation

A 
decreased coronary flow
decreased stroke vol and CO
decreased cerebral flow
repolarization of heart impaired
skeletal muscle spasm
Oxyhemoglobin affinity increased
 serum potassium decreased
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19
Q

SYMPATHETIC sympathetic causes ______ on airway smooth muscle (indirectly/directly) and circulates mainly ____

A

dilation
indirectly
EPI (and a little NOR)

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20
Q

___ ventricular output > ___ ventricular output because some ____ artery blood drains in to the ____ veins

A

left > right ventricular output
bronchial artery
pulmonary vein

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21
Q

volumes/capacities that CANNOT be determined with basic spirometry

A

RV
FRC
TLC

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22
Q

___ has greatest effect on CONSTRICTION of PRE-CAPILLARY resistance vessels in the lungs (redistributes blood to better ventilated areas)

A

low alveolar oxygen

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23
Q

WITHOUT surfactant, as alveolar radius INCREASES, collapse tendency _____

A

decreases

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24
Q

pleural pressure becomes more ____ during INSPIRATION

A

negative

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25
if bicarbonate levels FALL (acidosis), but CO2 levels are constant, what effect on ventilation?
increase
26
if CO2 levels FALL (alkalosis), but bicarbonate levels are constant, what effect on ventilation?
decrease
27
if all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the vol of air in lungs is equal to which vol capacity
FRC (functional residual capacity)
28
w/out surfactant, as alveolar vol DECREASE, collapse pressure _____ in alveoli
INCREASES
29
all prostaglandins are _____ when the pass through PULMONARY CAPILLARY
inactivated
30
spinal integration of descending motor traffic and peripheral feedback can augment strength of respiratory muscle contraction when compliance of lung is reduced. true or false
true
31
SYMPATHETIC stimulation will _______ pulmonary vascular resistance
slightly increase
32
rank solubility of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen
CO2 O2 N2
33
flow through the lungs is _____ during exercise
continuous
34
flow through the lungs is _____ at rest
intermittent
35
CO2 is ____ MORE SOLUBLE than O2; even though it is larger, it ______ faster due to this solubility
20x | diffuses
36
INCREASE in total pulmonic blood volume or | DECREASE in total systemic flow would cause what condition:
mitral valve stenosis
37
DECREASE in total pulmonic blood volume or INCREASE in total systemic flow would cause what condition:
tricuspid valve stenosis
38
shifts in volume have a higher impact on _____ flow than ____ flow
pulmonic flow than systemic flow
39
___ ventricular flow > ___ ventricular flow
LEFT > right
40
alveolar air has a high concentration of
carbon dioxide | water vapor
41
alveolar air has a low concentration of
nitrogen | oxygen
42
stimulation of SNS causes ____ sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia
increase
43
______ receptors are NOT sensitive to changes in oxygen
central chemoreceptors
44
CO properties
Pco of .6 mmHg can be lethal PP of Pco=.4 can significantly decrease O2 transport GREATER affinity for hemoglobin compared to O body produces very small quantities with physiologic effects LOWER solubility in aqueous fluid compared to CO2
45
ventilation/perfusion ratio INCREASES above normal, it causes what condition
INCREASE in amount of physiologic dead space
46
ventilation/perfusion ratio DECREASES below normal, it causes what condition
INCREASE in amount of physiologic shunt blood
47
% of CO2 in blood carried in form of bicarbonate ion
70%
48
% of CO2 in blood carried bound to hemoglobin
23%
49
% of CO2 in blood carried in blood dissolved
7%
50
% of O2 in blood carried bound to hemoglobin
97%
51
% of O2 in blood carried in blood dissolved
3%
52
stimulation of stretch receptors in lungs will ______ DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
inhibit
53
sets basic drive of ventilation
dorsal respiratory group
54
can + both inspiratory & expiratory respiratory muscles during increased ventilatory drive
ventral respiratory group
55
functions to prevent INHIBITION of DRG under some circumstances aka STIMULATES
apneustic center
56
inhibits the duration of inspiration by turning off DRG ramp signal after start of inspiration aka INHIBITS
pneumotaxic center
57
causes more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin (5)-- these all cause a SHIFT RIGHT
``` **decrease in local PO2** (major reason) decrease in pH increase in PCO2 increase in temperature increase in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate ```
58
ventilatory response to slight increase in CO2 levels is mediated by
central chemoreceptors in brain stem (70-80%)
59
pneumotaxic center stimulates ___, ____ breathing
shallow | rapid
60
most prevalent cause of respiratory depression
narcotics
61
characteristics of chronic mountain sickness
INCREASED hematocrit (leads to constriction) INCREASED pulmonary arterial BP ENLARGED right ventricle DECREASED TPR in tissue
62
stimulation of _____ receptors in ____ cause feeling of dyspnea
J receptors in parenchyma
63
in acute mountain sickness, subject suffers deterioration of nervous system fxn primary from
hypoxia
64
negative pleural pressure generated to expand lung and open alveoli during 1st breath changes from ___ to ___
-40 to -60 cmH20
65
negative pleural pressure in ADULTS changes from ___ to ___
-5 to - 7 cmH2O
66
The Herring-Breuer inflation reflex is described as: _____ DRG at ___ > 1500
inhibits DRG | TV> 1500
67
in an obstructive lung condition, what is most likely compromised
minute respiratory volume
68
at the apex of the lung, __ pressure > ____ pressure
alveolar | capillary
69
towards the base of the lung, ___ pressure > ___ pressure
capillary | alveolar
70
inhibitory NANC nerves release which neuropeptides (2)?
VIP | NO
71
cough is ineffective mech to clear smaller airways bc it can't :
get enough velocity there

Phys Exam III (4 decks)

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