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Phys Exam III > Practice Exam Material > Flashcards

Practice Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

inspiration is possible even WITHOUT rib cage movement due to:

A

diaphragm breathing (only muscle that does NOT use thoracic cage)

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2
Q

muscles of inspiration

A 
diaphragm
EX intercostals
SCM
Ant/Post superior serratus
scaleni
levator costarum
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3
Q

muscles of expiration

A 
abdominals
INT intercostals
Post Inf. Serratus
transverse thoracis
pyramidal
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4
Q

during EXP, order of pressure GREATEST to least

A

alveolar P
atmospheric P
pleural P (pleural always lowest)

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5
Q

___ pressure = ____ pressure at END of expiration or inspiration

A

atmospheric

alveolar

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6
Q

hysteresis: ___ pressure changes at a FASTER rate than ___ VOLUME at beginning of ___

A

pleural pressure> lung volume

inspiration

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7
Q

measure of recoil tendency of lung;

difference btwn ALVEOLAR & PLEURAL pressure

A

transpulmonary pressure

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8
Q

negative pressure btwn PARIETAL and VISCERAL pleura that keeps lung inflated against chest wall

A

pleural pressure

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9
Q

during INSP, order of pressure GREATEST to least

A

atmospheric P
alveolar P
pleural P

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10
Q

when would alveolar P= pleural P

A

hole in chest

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11
Q

greatest amount of recoil occurs

A

at END of INSPIRATION

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12
Q

muscle of expiration that is important for spine/low lumbar pain

A

transverse abdominis

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13
Q

fxn of surfactant (3)

A

reduces surface tension
helps stabilize alveolar size
offsets collapse pressure as radius DECREASE

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14
Q

fxn of pleural fluid (3)

A

provides lubrication
transudate (ISF + protein)
helps create NEGATIVE pleural P
(small amount of fluid – excess removed by lymphatics)

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15
Q

___, _____ and prostaglandin ____ cause CONSTRICTION on airway smooth muscle

A

parasympathetics
H1
prostaglandin F

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16
Q

___, _____ and prostaglandin ____cause DILATION on airway smooth muscle

A

sympathetics (including catecholamines)
H2
prostaglandin E & I

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17
Q

most recoil tendency in the lungs is due to

A

surface tension forces

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18
Q

pathophysiological consequences of hyperventilation

A 
decreased coronary flow
decreased stroke vol and CO
decreased cerebral flow
repolarization of heart impaired
skeletal muscle spasm
Oxyhemoglobin affinity increased
 serum potassium decreased
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19
Q

SYMPATHETIC sympathetic causes ______ on airway smooth muscle (indirectly/directly) and circulates mainly ____

A

dilation
indirectly
EPI (and a little NOR)

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20
Q

___ ventricular output > ___ ventricular output because some ____ artery blood drains in to the ____ veins

A

left > right ventricular output
bronchial artery
pulmonary vein

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21
Q

volumes/capacities that CANNOT be determined with basic spirometry

A

RV
FRC
TLC

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22
Q

___ has greatest effect on CONSTRICTION of PRE-CAPILLARY resistance vessels in the lungs (redistributes blood to better ventilated areas)

A

low alveolar oxygen

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23
Q

WITHOUT surfactant, as alveolar radius INCREASES, collapse tendency _____

A

decreases

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24
Q

pleural pressure becomes more ____ during INSPIRATION

A

negative

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25
Q

if bicarbonate levels FALL (acidosis), but CO2 levels are constant, what effect on ventilation?

A

increase

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26
Q

if CO2 levels FALL (alkalosis), but bicarbonate levels are constant, what effect on ventilation?

A

decrease

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27
Q

if all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the vol of air in lungs is equal to which vol capacity

A

FRC (functional residual capacity)

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28
Q

w/out surfactant, as alveolar vol DECREASE, collapse pressure _____ in alveoli

A

INCREASES

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29
Q

all prostaglandins are _____ when the pass through PULMONARY CAPILLARY

A

inactivated

30
Q

spinal integration of descending motor traffic and peripheral feedback can augment strength of respiratory muscle contraction when compliance of lung is reduced.

true or false

A

true

31
Q

SYMPATHETIC stimulation will _______ pulmonary vascular resistance

A

slightly increase

32
Q

rank solubility of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen

A

CO2
O2
N2

33
Q

flow through the lungs is _____ during exercise

A

continuous

34
Q

flow through the lungs is _____ at rest

A

intermittent

35
Q

CO2 is ____ MORE SOLUBLE than O2; even though it is larger, it ______ faster due to this solubility

A

20x

diffuses

36
Q

INCREASE in total pulmonic blood volume or

DECREASE in total systemic flow would cause what condition:

A

mitral valve stenosis

37
Q

DECREASE in total pulmonic blood volume or INCREASE in total systemic flow would cause what condition:

A

tricuspid valve stenosis

38
Q

shifts in volume have a higher impact on _____ flow than ____ flow

A

pulmonic flow than systemic flow

39
Q

___ ventricular flow > ___ ventricular flow

A

LEFT > right

40
Q

alveolar air has a high concentration of

A

carbon dioxide

water vapor

41
Q

alveolar air has a low concentration of

A

nitrogen

oxygen

42
Q

stimulation of SNS causes ____ sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia

A

increase

43
Q

______ receptors are NOT sensitive to changes in oxygen

A

central chemoreceptors

44
Q

CO properties

A

Pco of .6 mmHg can be lethal
PP of Pco=.4 can significantly decrease O2 transport
GREATER affinity for hemoglobin compared to O
body produces very small quantities with physiologic effects
LOWER solubility in aqueous fluid compared to CO2

45
Q

ventilation/perfusion ratio INCREASES above normal, it causes what condition

A

INCREASE in amount of physiologic dead space

46
Q

ventilation/perfusion ratio DECREASES below normal, it causes what condition

A

INCREASE in amount of physiologic shunt blood

47
Q

% of CO2 in blood carried in form of bicarbonate ion

A

70%

48
Q

% of CO2 in blood carried bound to hemoglobin

A

23%

49
Q

% of CO2 in blood carried in blood dissolved

A

7%

50
Q

% of O2 in blood carried bound to hemoglobin

A

97%

51
Q

% of O2 in blood carried in blood dissolved

A

3%

52
Q

stimulation of stretch receptors in lungs will ______ DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

A

inhibit

53
Q

sets basic drive of ventilation

A

dorsal respiratory group

54
Q

can + both inspiratory & expiratory respiratory muscles during increased ventilatory drive

A

ventral respiratory group

55
Q

functions to prevent INHIBITION of DRG under some circumstances aka STIMULATES

A

apneustic center

56
Q

inhibits the duration of inspiration by turning off DRG ramp signal after start of inspiration aka INHIBITS

A

pneumotaxic center

57
Q

causes more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin (5)– these all cause a SHIFT RIGHT

A 
**decrease in local PO2** (major reason)
decrease in pH
increase in PCO2 
increase in temperature
increase in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
58
Q

ventilatory response to slight increase in CO2 levels is mediated by

A

central chemoreceptors in brain stem (70-80%)

59
Q

pneumotaxic center stimulates ___, ____ breathing

A

shallow

rapid

60
Q

most prevalent cause of respiratory depression

A

narcotics

61
Q

characteristics of chronic mountain sickness

A

INCREASED hematocrit (leads to constriction)
INCREASED pulmonary arterial BP
ENLARGED right ventricle
DECREASED TPR in tissue

62
Q

stimulation of _____ receptors in ____ cause feeling of dyspnea

A

J receptors in parenchyma

63
Q

in acute mountain sickness, subject suffers deterioration of nervous system fxn primary from

A

hypoxia

64
Q

negative pleural pressure generated to expand lung and open alveoli during 1st breath changes from ___ to ___

A

-40 to -60 cmH20

65
Q

negative pleural pressure in ADULTS changes from ___ to ___

A

-5 to - 7 cmH2O

66
Q

The Herring-Breuer inflation reflex is described as: _____ DRG at ___ > 1500

A

inhibits DRG

TV> 1500

67
Q

in an obstructive lung condition, what is most likely compromised

A

minute respiratory volume

68
Q

at the apex of the lung, __ pressure > ____ pressure

A

alveolar

capillary

69
Q

towards the base of the lung, ___ pressure > ___ pressure

A

capillary

alveolar

70
Q

inhibitory NANC nerves release which neuropeptides (2)?

A

VIP

NO

71
Q

cough is ineffective mech to clear smaller airways bc it can’t :

A

get enough velocity there

Phys Exam III (4 decks)

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