Pulmonary Pathophys review

Question 1

Describe pneumonia

Answer 1

Acute infection

Form consolidation in smaller airways

difficulty breathing, productive cough, changes in sputum color

Question 2

What treats pneumonia?

Answer 2

Antibiotics

Anti fungal

Airway clearance techniques

Early mobility

Question 3

Describe bronchitis

Answer 3

Acute infection

No consolidation

Inflammation in larger airways lasting 2-3 weeks

Chest pain worse w/ coughing

Question 4

Describe chronic bronchitis

Answer 4

“Blue bloater”

Type of COPD that affects upper airways more

Can cause atelectasis

Cyanotic due to low O2

Has productive cough

Question 5

What leads to appearance of blue bloater?

Answer 5

Low O2

PAH –> cor pulmonale (R HF) –> ascites

Larger airways chronically blocked w/ expiration

Question 6

Describe emphysema

Answer 6

“Pink puffer”- retains O2

Difficulty getting air out, results in high work rate

True form of COPD

Overstretched alveoli

Result in atelectasis

Unproductive, frequent cough

Question 7

Similarities of COPD

Answer 7

SOB w/ activity or rest

Cough

Structural changes

Question 8

Describe asthma

Answer 8

Wheezing of large airways

Cough/wheezing/SOB/chest tightness

Can be exercise-induced

Albuterol treats acutely

Question 9

Describe status asthmaticus

Answer 9

EMERGENCY

acute asthma attack that cannot be altered w/ routine care

can lead to acute cor pulmonale, pneumothorax, acidosis, respiratory/cardiac arrest

Question 10

What treats asthma?

Answer 10

Aerobic/anaerobic training offers CV benefit only

Pt might still have asthma trigger

Question 11

Describe cystic fibrosis

Answer 11

Increased amount of thickness of lung secretion

Causes frequent infection, clubbing, and bronchiectasis

Can warrant a lung transplant

Question 12

Describe restrictive lung diseases

Answer 12

Pulmonary diseases that can be caused by SCI, brain stem injury, asbestos, obesity, kyphoscoliosis, pregnancy, pleural effusion

Reduced total lung capacity

Normal FEV1 to FVC ratio

Question 13

Describe pneumothorax/hemothorax

Answer 13

Collapsed lung caused by air or blood

No breath sounds

Causes tracheal deviation and potential heart arrhythmia

Question 14

Hemothorax vs pneumothorax percussion sounds

Answer 14

Hemothorax will have dull sound

Pneumothorax will have hyperresonance

Question 15

Describe neuromuscular disorders

Answer 15

General type or category of disorders that causes restrictive lung disease

Can be intrinsic or extrinsic

Reduced lung volume from decreased compliance, compensated with tachypnea

Question 16

Describe pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 16

Scarring of lungs from repeated exposure to irritants, toxins, meds, radiation therapy

Leads to thickening of alveoli

Question 17

What happens to the lungs in pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 17

Increased work of breathing due to compliance

Increased dead space ventilation

Chronic arterial hypoxemia and result in tachypnea

Question 18

Describe lung cancer

Answer 18

Pain, SOB, and non-productive cough early on and hemoptysis later

Can be confused for shoulder pain

Question 19

Describe TB

Answer 19

Inflammation and scarring that produces areas of non-functioning lung tissue

Increases dead space

May not have signs or symptoms when first infected

Question 20

Describe ARDs or acute lung injury

Answer 20

Often (fatal) complication of sepsis, trauma or major surgeries, burns/smoke inhalation, lung transplant

IL-6 is biomarker of mortality

Early mobility helps

Question 21

Word that describes lung infection in pleural cavity

Answer 21

Empyema

Question 22

Word that describes a lung infection that has walled itself off

Answer 22

Abcess

Question 23

Alternative word for pleuritis?

Auscultation sound?

Answer 23

Pleuricy

Rubbing sound on auscultation

Question 24

What leads to exercise induced bronchospasm/bronchoconstriction?

What helps?

Answer 24

Temperature and dehydration

Premedication, breathing mask, hydration all help