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gen path- exam 1 > pulmonary pathology- part 2 > Flashcards

pulmonary pathology- part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: any organism can cause pneumonia

A

TRUE

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2
Q

what are the predisposing factors for pneumonia?

A 
loss of cough reflex
injury to cilia
decreased phagocytosis
pulmonary edema
immunocompromised condition
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3
Q

the clinical signs for pneumonia include what?

A

cough, dyspnea, fever, chills, sputum production

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4
Q

___________ is clinically seen as a patchy process, which begins around the SMALL bronchi

A

Bronchopneumonia

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5
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae is found in 90% of ________ pneumonia

A

lobar pneumonia

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6
Q

what form of pneumonia is seen in healthy adults?

A

lobar pneumonia

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7
Q

what are the stages of lung inflammation during pneumonia?

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red Hepatization
  3. Gray Hepatization
  4. Resolution
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8
Q

what are the 2 potential outcomes of pneumonia resolution?

A

complete resolution or a scar formation

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9
Q

what are the 4 possible complications from a pneumonia infection?

A

Empyema
Abscess
Pericarditis
Bacteremia

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10
Q

Atypical (interstitial) Pneumonia is a result of ____________ and certain viruses

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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11
Q

what is the pathology of atypical pneumonia?

A

interstitial inflammation

mononuclear cells

congestion

hyaline membranes (diffuse alveolar damage)

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12
Q

______________ has the same histological features as interstitial pneumonia

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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13
Q

what are the causes of ARDS?

A

shock, infections, trauma, drug overdose, irritants

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14
Q

what occurs during ARDS?

A

injury to endothelium and alveolar epithelium

increased endothelial permeability (leaky)

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15
Q

aspiration, septic emboli, and airway obstruction are a common predisposing factor for ________

A

pulmonary abscesses

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16
Q

_____________ is the most common infectious cause of death . it infects 1/3 of the worlds population

A

tuberculosis

17
Q

what are the predisposing factors for contracting tuberculosis?

A

HIV infection, overcrowding, poor living conditions, immigrants

18
Q

what are the physical characteristics of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria?

A

bacillus (rod), aerobe, non-motile, slow growing
has waxy coat - resists acid destaining
Acid Fast Bacillus (AFB)

19
Q

M tuberculosis infections are characterized by “classic tissue reactions” called _________________

A

caseating granulomatous inflammation

20
Q

what is a ghon lesion? what about a ghon complex?

A

Ghon lesion - site of early infection

Ghon complex - lung lesion + hilar lymph nodes

21
Q

granulomatous inflammation is usually associated with TB infections, but can also be seen in patients with __________

A

histoplasmosis

or sarcoidosis

22
Q

what can cause a resolved TB infection to reactivate?

A

immunosenescence (immune system weakens with age), immunosuppressive treatment

23
Q

________ tuberculosis results from spread via lymphatics or blood (lymphohematogenous)

A

military

24
Q

what type of cancer is responsible for more deaths than any other?

A

lung cancer

25
Q

what are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A

cigarette smoking
asbestos
radon gas

26
Q

what are the major cancer types associated with the pathology of lung cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%)**

adenocarcinoma (30-35%)

small cell (oat cell) (20-25%)**

[the stars signify cancer from smoking…. 45-55% total]

27
Q

what is the prognosis for lung cancer?

A

5-year survival all types = 16%

If localized when found = 45%

28
Q

______________ are a group of lung disorders caused by inhalation of dusts/particles

A

Pneumoconioses

29
Q

inhaled particles induce ________ in the lungs

A

fibrosis (scarring)

30
Q

what are the important factors that determine the amount of damage a particle will do to the lung?

A

size, shape, concentration of particles

31
Q

“coal worker’s pneumoconiosis” is characterized by what?

A

nodular or diffuse fibrosis with coal macules

progressive massive fibrosis

32
Q

_____________ is the most prevalent form of occupational disease worldwide

A

Silicosis

33
Q

what types of hormones can be released by cancer cells in the lung? what syndrome does this release of hormones cause?

A
  • ADH, ACTH, PTH

- Paraneoplastic syndromes

34
Q

what is the effect of reactivation of a dormant TB infection?

A

induces type IV hypersensitivity and tissue necrosis

35
Q

90-95% of _______ Tuburculosis cases resolve

A

primary cases

gen path- exam 1 (10 decks)

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