pulmonary pathology- part 2

Question 1

T/F: any organism can cause pneumonia

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

what are the predisposing factors for pneumonia?

Answer 2

loss of cough reflex
injury to cilia
decreased phagocytosis
pulmonary edema
immunocompromised condition

Question 3

the clinical signs for pneumonia include what?

Answer 3

cough, dyspnea, fever, chills, sputum production

Question 4

___________ is clinically seen as a patchy process, which begins around the SMALL bronchi

Answer 4

Bronchopneumonia

Question 5

streptococcus pneumoniae is found in 90% of ________ pneumonia

Answer 5

lobar pneumonia

Question 6

what form of pneumonia is seen in healthy adults?

Answer 6

lobar pneumonia

Question 7

what are the stages of lung inflammation during pneumonia?

Answer 7

1. Congestion
2. Red Hepatization
3. Gray Hepatization
4. Resolution

Question 8

what are the 2 potential outcomes of pneumonia resolution?

Answer 8

complete resolution or a scar formation

Question 9

what are the 4 possible complications from a pneumonia infection?

Answer 9

Empyema
Abscess
Pericarditis
Bacteremia

Question 10

Atypical (interstitial) Pneumonia is a result of ____________ and certain viruses

Answer 10

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 11

what is the pathology of atypical pneumonia?

Answer 11

interstitial inflammation

mononuclear cells

congestion

hyaline membranes (diffuse alveolar damage)

Question 12

______________ has the same histological features as interstitial pneumonia

Answer 12

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Question 13

what are the causes of ARDS?

Answer 13

shock, infections, trauma, drug overdose, irritants

Question 14

what occurs during ARDS?

Answer 14

injury to endothelium and alveolar epithelium

increased endothelial permeability (leaky)

Question 15

aspiration, septic emboli, and airway obstruction are a common predisposing factor for ________

Answer 15

pulmonary abscesses

Question 16

_____________ is the most common infectious cause of death . it infects 1/3 of the worlds population

Answer 16

tuberculosis

Question 17

what are the predisposing factors for contracting tuberculosis?

Answer 17

HIV infection, overcrowding, poor living conditions, immigrants

Question 18

what are the physical characteristics of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria?

Answer 18

bacillus (rod), aerobe, non-motile, slow growing
has waxy coat - resists acid destaining
Acid Fast Bacillus (AFB)

Question 19

M tuberculosis infections are characterized by “classic tissue reactions” called _________________

Answer 19

caseating granulomatous inflammation

Question 20

what is a ghon lesion? what about a ghon complex?

Answer 20

Ghon lesion - site of early infection

Ghon complex - lung lesion + hilar lymph nodes

Question 21

granulomatous inflammation is usually associated with TB infections, but can also be seen in patients with __________

Answer 21

histoplasmosis

or sarcoidosis

Question 22

what can cause a resolved TB infection to reactivate?

Answer 22

immunosenescence (immune system weakens with age), immunosuppressive treatment

Question 23

________ tuberculosis results from spread via lymphatics or blood (lymphohematogenous)

Answer 23

military

Question 24

what type of cancer is responsible for more deaths than any other?

Answer 24

lung cancer

Question 25

what are the risk factors for lung cancer?

Answer 25

cigarette smoking asbestos radon gas

Question 26

what are the major cancer types associated with the pathology of lung cancer?

Answer 26

squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%)** adenocarcinoma (30-35%) small cell (oat cell) (20-25%)** [the stars signify cancer from smoking.... 45-55% total]

Question 27

what is the prognosis for lung cancer?

Answer 27

5-year survival all types = 16% | If localized when found = 45%

Question 28

______________ are a group of lung disorders caused by inhalation of dusts/particles

Answer 28

Pneumoconioses

Question 29

inhaled particles induce ________ in the lungs

Answer 29

fibrosis (scarring)

Question 30

what are the important factors that determine the amount of damage a particle will do to the lung?

Answer 30

size, shape, concentration of particles

Question 31

"coal worker's pneumoconiosis" is characterized by what?

Answer 31

nodular or diffuse fibrosis with coal macules progressive massive fibrosis

Question 32

_____________ is the most prevalent form of occupational disease worldwide

Answer 32

Silicosis

Question 33

what types of hormones can be released by cancer cells in the lung? what syndrome does this release of hormones cause?

Answer 33

- ADH, ACTH, PTH | - Paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 34

what is the effect of reactivation of a dormant TB infection?

Answer 34

induces type IV hypersensitivity and tissue necrosis

Question 35

90-95% of _______ Tuburculosis cases resolve

Answer 35

primary cases