pulmonary pathology

Question 1

what do type 1 pneumocyte cells produce?

Answer 1

surfactant

Question 2

what is Hemoptysis?

Answer 2

coughing up blood

Question 3

what is Dyspnea?

Answer 3

• shortness of breath

- difficulty breathing, perception of needing to breathe deeper and faster

Question 4

___________ is the collapse of lung volume

Answer 4

Atelectasis

Question 5

a ____________ occurs when air enters the pleural space or cavity, leads to collapse of the lung

Answer 5

pneumothrorax

Question 6

what is the term for when fluid builds up in the pleural space?

Answer 6

pleural diffusion

Question 7

how does pulmonary edema progress?

Answer 7

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs, first in the interstitial tissues, then ultimately filling up the distal air spaces

Question 8

what are the causes of pulmonary edema?

Answer 8

increased intravascular pressure (CHF)

hypoproteinemia (low protein)

vascular damage (infections, autoimmune diseases)

Question 9

what are the problems that result from pulmonary edema?

Answer 9

Inhibits normal oxygen exchange

Predisposes to infection

Question 10

Pulmonary Thromboemboli usually originate from where?

Answer 10

Usually from the deep veins of the legs or pelvic veins

Question 11

what happens when a very large thrombi reaches the lungs?

Answer 11

they lodge at the bifurcation of pulmonary arteries (“saddle” embolus) and can cause sudden death

Question 12

list the predisposing factors for pulmonary thromboemboli

Answer 12

chronic illness
prolonged bed rest (immobility)
hypercoagulable state
deep vein thromboses (DVTs)

Question 13

what are the 4 classic disorders that are associated with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Answer 13

• • Emphysema
• • Chronic bronchitis

Bronchiectasis
Asthma

Question 14

what is COPD?

Answer 14

Group of diseases that causes chronic airflow obstruction

Question 15

what is emphysema?

Answer 15

permanent enlargement of the DISTAL small air spaces due to destruction of alveolar septal walls

(alveolar wall destruction & overinflation)

Question 16

what are the clinical signs of emphysema?

Answer 16

dyspnea, cough, prolonged exhalation (“pink puffers”)

Question 17

emphysema is caused by an imbalance between _________ and ________ enzymes

Answer 17

protease and anti-protease enzymes

Question 18

___________ is a major cause of emphysema

Answer 18

smoking

Question 19

what is Centriacinar emphysema?

Answer 19

• involves the CENTRAL portion of the acini
• usually affects UPPER lobes
• most often related to smoking

Question 20

____________ emphysema is most often related to smoking

Answer 20

centriacinar

Question 21

________ emphysema involves the entire acinar unit from the respiratory bronchioles to terminal alveoli

Answer 21

Panacinar

Question 22

Panacinar emphysema mostly effects the ________ lobes

Answer 22

lower

Question 23

in what group is panacinar emphysema most often seen?

Answer 23

seen in patients with α1-AT deficiency

Question 24

___________ emphysema is associated with dilated spaces, and collapsed lungs

Answer 24

bullous

Question 25

what are the clinical requirements for Chronic Bronchitis?

Answer 25

Cough + sputum production for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

Question 26

what are the pathological signs for chronic bronchitis?

Answer 26

increased mucus glands chronic inflammation fibrosis and narrowing of the airways

Question 27

what are the Predisposing factors for chronic bronchitis and emphysema?

Answer 27

1) smoking 2) atmosphere pollutants 3) infection(s) 4) genetic factors

Question 28

the genetic factors involved with chronic bronchitis involve _______ and ______ deficiency

Answer 28

Cystic fibrosis, and alpha-1-AT deficiency

Question 29

what is Bronchiectasis?

Answer 29

chronic infection with: | - permanent major airway dilation; secondary to obstruction, infection or both

Question 30

what are the clinical symptoms of Bronchiectasis?

Answer 30

severe cough, bloody mucoid expectoration, dyspnea

Question 31

the complications of bronchiectasis include what?

Answer 31

abscess pneumonia bronchopleural fistula empyema

Question 32

predisposing factors for bronchiectasis:

Answer 32

``` obstructive tumors foreign bodies cystic fibrosis (mucus plugs) ``` other: COPD, CF; suppurative or necrotizing pneumonia

Question 33

bronchiectasis is associated with an infection of what?

Answer 33

tuburculosis S. aureus

Question 34

__________ is characterized by an increased irritability and prominence of smooth muscle in bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 34

Asthma

Question 35

what are the "initiating factors" of asthma?

Answer 35

allergies, infections, exercise, drugs, emotions

Question 36

what is atopic asthma? what about Non-atopic?

Answer 36

A) Atopic – allergic, extrinsic - caused by type 1 hypersensitivity B) Non-atopic – intrinsic - may be initiated by viruses, air pollutants

Question 37

atopic asthma is caused by a type 1 hypersensitivity, which is mediated by _____

Answer 37

IgE

Question 38

what immune cell is classically found in patients suffering from asthma?

Answer 38

eosinophils | and type 2 helper T cells

Question 39

describe the pathogenesis of Asthma

Answer 39

- antigen binds to surface IgE on mast cells | - mast cells release a large number of mediators, including histamine and leukotrienes

Question 40

in patients with asthma, there is a prominence of ________ in the lungs

Answer 40

smooth muscle