Pulmonary Pathology

Question 1

How does left-sided heart failrue cause pulmolnary edema?

Answer 1

increase in pulmonary venous pressure adn capillary pressure –> floowing of intersitial space and alveoli

Question 2

What is the pressure the pulmonary capillary must exceed to cause pulmonary edema?

Answer 2

28mmHg

Question 3

If there is pulmonary edema for > 2 weeks, what changes can the lymph vessels do to get rid of fluid?

Answer 3

They dilate

Question 4

This is excess of fluid between the 2 pleural layers.

Answer 4

Pleural effusion

Question 5

In emphysema, does the V/Q ratio decrease or increase?

Answer 5

Increase a bunch cuz gas exchange ↓ and there’s wasted ventilation

Question 6

In pulmonary edema, does the V/Q ratio decrease or increase?

Answer 6

Decrease cuz ventilation ↓↓↓

Question 7

If there is fibrosis of the lung, does the lung create increased negative or positive pressures within the alveoli?

Answer 7

Negative

Question 8

The negative pressures within the alveoli in lung fibrosis causes pulling of fluid from the pulmoneary capillaries, leading to what?

Answer 8

Edema

Question 9

Vascular constriction causes re-routing of the blood where?

Answer 9

To the good lung.

Question 10

This is the defective development of both lungs resulting in decrased weight, volume, and acini.

Answer 10

Pulmonayr hypoplasia

Question 11

Where are foregut cysts commonly located?

Answer 11

Hilum or middle mediastinum

Question 12

This refers to the presence of a discrete mass of lung tissue without normal connection to the airway system.

Answer 12

Pulmonary sequestration

Question 13

Extralobular sequestrations in infants are assocaited with what?

Answer 13

Other congenital abnormalities

Question 14

Intralobular sequestrations are often associated with what?

Answer 14

recurrent localized infection or bronchiestasis

Question 15

This is either the incomplete expansion of the lungs or the collapse or previously inflated lung producing areas of relatively airless pulmonary parenchyma.

Answer 15

Atelectasis

Question 16

What are teh 3 types of atelectasis?

Answer 16

Reabsorption, compression, and contraction

Question 17

What causes Reabsorption atelectasis?

Answer 17

Complete obstruction of an airway.

Question 18

Does the mediastinum shift toward or away the obstructed lung in reabsorption atelectasis?

Answer 18

Toward

Question 19

What causes compression atelectasis?

Answer 19

When the plural cavity is partially or completely fileld with fluid, tumors, blood, or air.

Question 20

Does the mediastinum shift toward or away the compressed lung in compression atelectasis?

Answer 20

Away

Question 21

What causes contraction atelectasis?

Answer 21

Local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lungs or pleura that prevent full expansion.

Question 22

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

Answer 22

L-heart failure

Question 23

What specialized cells are seen in pulmonary edema?

Answer 23

heart failure cells

hemosiderin laden macrophages

Question 24

This is characterized by the abrupt onset of significant hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure.

Answer 24

Acute lung injury

Question 25

What is the morphology of the lung walls in acute respiratory disease?

Answer 25

inflammation, fibrin deposition, diffuse alveolar dmg, walls are waxy cuz of HYALINE.

Question 26

Which secondary prrocesses can cause ARD?

Answer 26

sepsis, infection, shock, trauma, aspiration, pancreatitis, DIG, hypersensitivity rxns,a nd drugs.

Question 27

This is the condition where there is widespread acute lung injury associated with rapidly progressive clinical course that is of unknown etiology.

Answer 27

Acute interstitial poneumonia

Question 28

What are the clinical progression of acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 28

presents with acute respiratory failure often following an illness of < 3 wks that resembles an upper respiratory infection.

Question 29

``` What is the Dx? Chest expansion- ↓ Fremitus- ↓ Resonance- ↓ Breath Sounds- ↓ Egophany- absent >present Broncophony- absent > present ```

Answer 29

Pleural effusion

Question 30

``` What is the Dx? Chest expansion- ↓ Fremitus- ↑ Resonance- ↓ Breath Sounds- bronchial Egophany- present Broncophony- present ```

Answer 30

Consolidation

Question 31

``` What is the Dx? Chest expansion- variable Fremitus- ↓ Resonance- ↑ Breath Sounds- ↓ Egophany- absent >present Broncophony- absent ```

Answer 31

Pneumothorax

Question 32

What is the main indication for pulmonary angiography?

Answer 32

PE

Question 33

What is the main indication for pulmonary fxn tests?

Answer 33

Dyspnea

Question 34

This is is a medical procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination

Answer 34

Bronchoalveolar lavage

Question 35

This is diffuse lung injury with acute hypoxic respiratory failure may result from various injuries.

Answer 35

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 36

in ARDS, what is the PaO2/FIO2 ratio?

Answer 36

< 150

Question 37

What are causes of ARDS?

Answer 37

Shock, sepsis, trauma, aspiration, transfusions, metabolic, drugs, toxins

Question 38

What is the main therapy for ARDS?

Answer 38

a tidal volue of 6mL/kg ideal body weight is the only intervention shown to improve survival