Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Pulmonary Part 2 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Pulmonary Part 2 (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Restrictive Lung Disease

A

thickened alveolar interstitial which leads to fibrosis
less oxygen in the lung and less gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fibrosis of the lung leads to decreased ____________ and reduces the ability for ________________

A

lung compliance

alveoli to recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in restrictive lung disease, collagen and elastic connective tissue ___________ and become _______

A

harden

unusable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis risk factors

A

occupational (farming/agriculture)
environmental (metal/wood dust)
dusts (organic/inorganic)
tobacco
comorbidities
chronic viral respiratory infections
genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the main types of medications that are risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis?

A

amiodarone
anti-cancer agents
macrobid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

some DPLDs are ___________ in nature

A

idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

typical wound process

A

fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells get to site of injury and repair the epithelium
cells undergo apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mesenchymal cells recruit

A

connective tissues and extracellular matrix proteins to make new connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

connective cell molecules in the lungs

A

mesenchymal cells
collagen
elastin
leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major pathophysiology of restrictive lung disease

A

failed wound repair leads to scarring and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In IPF, cells do not undergo ________ and just ___________ causing _____________ in the alveolar walls

A

apoptosis

accumulate

scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in a diseased lung what happens when mesenchymal cells reach the injury?

A

they accumulate and further contribute to tissue destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, lung volume capacity is ________ in setting of _________________

A

reduced

resistance to expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to elastic resistance in restrictive lung diseases?

work of breathing?

A

increased

increased –> faster breathing to maintain ventilation requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis can be by

A

CT imaging or surgical biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

does airflow resistance change in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

No!

only elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio in a restrictive pulmonary disorder?

A

it is preserved or increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical presentation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

SOB gradually gets worse
dry cough
compensatory tachypnea
pulmonary HTN
crackles on inspiration
reduced lung volume
honeycombing
digital cyanosis and clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

honeycombing

A

seen in pulmonary fibrosis
fibrosis around airspaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mutations in the CFTR lead to _____?

why?

A

production of thick and sticky secretions

there is a buildup of chord and bicarbonate ions in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

does CF just effect the respiratory system?

A

NO!

it also effects epithelial cells in the GI and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis

A

small airways cause bronchiectasis –> airways widen and thicken
dehydration –> thick secretions
thick secretions –> permanent scarring and cysts in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in CF, once cells in lungs are damaged, they further recruit

A

more inflammatory cells and become necrotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

continuous inflammation in CF causes

A

permanent damage and invites persistent infection and additional damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why are natural defenses diminished in CF?

A

pH of the airway becomes acidic due to reduced bicarbonate secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why are bacterial infections persistent in CF?

A

thick/sticky mucus is retained in the lower airways, preventing inhaled bacteria from being cleared

27
Q

signs and symptoms of CF

A

cough
wheezing
nasal congestion
headache and inflammation
clubbing (advanced)

28
Q

how to treat CF?

A

airway clearance therapy

29
Q

airway clearance therapy steps

A
  1. bronchodilators - open airway
  2. inhaled mucolytics - break up and thin mucus
  3. inhaled antibiotics - clear mucus secretions
30
Q

types of inhaled mucolytics

A

dornase alpha

hypotonic saline

31
Q

hypotonic saline

A

pulls water out of epithelial cells and into mucus secretions

32
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excessive fluid in the alveolar space or interstitium

33
Q

hallmark symptom of pulmonary edema

A

dyspnea (SOB)

34
Q

normal movement of fluid in the lungs

A

fluid flows out of the blood vessels into the interstitial space because pressure in the capillaries is higher than the interstitial space

35
Q

how to alveoli protect themselves from interstitial fluid?

A

barrier formed by the epithelium
epithelial cells transport sodium out of alveolar space
gradient allows alveoli to function properly
pulmonary lymphatic system

36
Q

what does the pulmonary lymphatic system do?

A

removes excessive fluid in the interstitial space

37
Q

due to negative pressure, fluid accumulates _______ from the airspaces and gets ___________ back into the blood vessels

A

away

reabsorbed

38
Q

Pulmonary edema types

A

increased permeability pulmonary edema (non-cariogenic)
increased hydrostatic pulmonary edema (cariogenic)
impairment of lymphatic drainage pulmonary edema

39
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

embolus is dislodged somewhere in circulation and it moves to pulmonary circulation, gets stuck, blockage of the vessel and obstructing perfusion

40
Q

what can cause pulmonary embolism?

A

air during surgery
amniotic fluid
fat from long bone fracture
foreign body
septic emboli
DVT
tumor

41
Q

risk factors for venous thromboembolism

A

venous stasis
increased coagulopathy
vascular injury

42
Q

dead spaces

A

ventilated well with fresh oxygen but not all perfused so carbon dioxide can’t be removed

43
Q

in pulmonary embolism, pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure both ___________ which can cause ___________ into the right ventricle and can severely ___________ cardiac output

A

shoot up

circulatory backup

limit

44
Q

clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism

A

chest pain
dyspnea
hemoptysis
sinus tachycardia
inspiratory crackles due to atelectasis

45
Q

can there be evidence of DVT in the lower extremity when someone has a pulmonary embolism?

A

yes, but not all the time

warm, red, tender and swollen calf

46
Q

tuberculosis

A

macrophages eat bacteria –> bacteria replicates in macrophage –> granuloma forms –> if one bursts they can multiply

47
Q

region of the lungs TB typically infects

A

posterior apical region (deep lung infection)

48
Q

cycle of TB infection continues until the mycobacteria

A

disseminates in the intravascular space

49
Q

pulmonary symptom of TB

A

cough

50
Q

what can be visualized on chest imaging when someone has TB?

A

patchy and nodular infiltrates

51
Q

how does the body fight the TB infection?

A

form granulomas around the microorganism and T lymphocytes induce apoptosis

52
Q

can TB evade detection and lysis of apoptosis?

A

yes and they can become dormant

53
Q

how can someone contract pneumonia?

A

inhalation of infectious particles
aspiration of oropharyngeal contents
hematogenous spread from other side of infection

54
Q

risk factors of pneumonia

A

immunocompromised
primary lung infection
alcohol consumption and narcotic use
comorbidities

55
Q

how can alcohol consumption and narcotic use lead to pneumonia?

A

they depress mucociliary transport

56
Q

clinical presentation of pneumonia

A

pulmonary infiltrates on chest imaging
fever
cough
increased sputum production
SOB

57
Q

how does lung cancer develop?

A

normal bronchial epithelial cells acquire multiple genetic mutations over time

58
Q

mutations of lung cancer include

A

activating proto oncogenes
inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
production of self stimulating growth factors

59
Q

biomarkers identified as drivers of tumor growth and survival can serve as

A

targets for drug therapy

60
Q

most common mutated genes in lung cancer

A

EGFR
KRAS
BRAF
HER2 (not as much as the other 3)

61
Q

risk factors of lung cancer

A

smoking
respiratory exposure to asbestos, arsenic and benzene
genetics
history of COPD

62
Q

types of lung cancer

which is more prevalent?

A

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - more prevalent

63
Q

different types of infiltrates seen on chest imaging and which lung disease they correlate to

A

pulmonary infiltrates - pneumonia
nodular/patchy infiltrates - TB
honeycombing - pulmonary fibrosis

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions