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Pathophysiology > Pulmonary Part 1 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Pulmonary Part 1 (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the lungs

A

perfuse body tissue with oxygen required for metabolism
remove CO2 from blood
maintain normal ranges of PaO2 and PaCO2

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2
Q

the lung filter about ___________ liters of air per day at rest

A

7500

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3
Q

every cardiac cycle, the entire volume of blood in the body must pass through the

A

pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

norma respiratory rate

A

15 breaths per minute

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5
Q

breath

A

inflation and deflation of the lungs
occurs in response to pressure in the pleural space

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6
Q

pressure in the pleural space is controlled by

A

the striated diaphragm

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7
Q

ventilation must match

A

perfusion

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8
Q

gas exchange occurs via

A

simple diffusion

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9
Q

pressure gradient

A

increase in volume of the lung leads to a decrease in pressure in intra alveolar space

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10
Q

in order to inhale air, the diaphragm must overcome

A

the force of elastic recoil

airflow resistance

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11
Q

equation for pressure in alveoli

A

P = 2T/r

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12
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension on alveoli so they don’t crush each other

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13
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

receive deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

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14
Q

pulmonary veins

A

send newly oxygenated blood from alveolar capillaries to left atrium

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15
Q

bronchial circulation receives ____________ from ____________________ in order to perfuse ______________

A

oxygenated blood
left ventricle
all lung structures

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16
Q

does the lymphatic system continue into alveolar space?

A

No!

fluid must move to terminal bronchioles to drain

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17
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration

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18
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

total amount of air that can be exhaled during a forced expiration

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19
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

inability to get air out of the lungs
FEV1/FVC less than 70-75%
increase of FEV1 greater than 12% after bronchodilator

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20
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

inability to get enough air into the lungs
all expiratory volumes reduced

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21
Q

COPD

A

reduced diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide

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22
Q

nonspecific defenses of the lung

A

cough/mucociliary transport
ciliated epithelium
secretions
cellular defenses (lung epithelium, monocytes, alveolar macrophages)
protease inhibitors and antioxidants

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23
Q

specific defenses of the lung

A

B cell antibody
antigen presentation to lymphocytes
T cell mediated via cytokines
Non-lymphocyte cellular response (mast cells/eosinophils)

24
Q

in respiratory acidosis pH is __________
the primary disturbance is ___________
the innate compensatory response is ________________

A

decreased

increased PaCO2

Increased HCO3

25
Q

compensation for metabolic disturbance can be accomplished _________ by ___________________ but metabolic compensation of a respiratory disturbance occurs ____________

A

rapidly

alteration in breathing

slowly

26
Q

acute respiratory acidosis

A

hypoxemia and hypercapnia
can be fatal

27
Q

chronic respiratory acidosis

A

persistent increase in PaCO2 and decrease in PaO2

28
Q

Asthma risk factors

A

atopy
genetics
smoking
previous viral respiratory infection
obesity

29
Q

Main abnormality of Asthma

A

heightened reactivity of airway to potentially harmless stimuli

30
Q

3 effects caused by Asthma

A

luminal obstruction
airway inflammation
bronchoconstriction

31
Q

airway inflammation leads to

A

an increase in airflow resistance

32
Q

in asthma, does ventilation match perfusion?

A

NO

leads to hypoxemia

33
Q

hyper inflammatory response of asthma can lead to

A

increase mucous secretion
damage to epithelium and airway walls
alter in muscle tone and ability

34
Q

what is activated after inhalation of allergens in asthma?

A

mast cells and eosinophils

35
Q

in asthma, inflammatory cells are produced by epithelial cells that drive

A

airway fibrosis and tissue remodeling

36
Q

signs and symptoms of asthma

A

SOB
fewer breaths per minute due to inc work of breathing
tachycardia
wheezing/cough
chest tightness
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
reduced pulmonary function tests

37
Q

In obstructive disorders, the FEV1/FVC ratio is

A

decreased

38
Q

pharmacotherapeutics for asthma

A

bronchodilators

inhaled corticosteroids

monoclonal antibodies (block inflammatory mediators)

39
Q

two types of COPD

A

bronchitis
emphysema

40
Q

difference between bronchitis and emphysema

A

bronchitis - inflammation in airways, reversible

emphysema - destruction of alveoli, not reversible

41
Q

difference between bronchitis and asthma

A

causes are different!

asthma - allergens

bronchitis - gases, smoking, etc.

42
Q

chronic inflammation of COPD is caused by

A

noxious particles or gas

43
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

chronic obstruction in airways
impairment in clearing of secretions

44
Q

in which COPD is the ventilation/perfusion ratio impacted?

A

bronchitis

more likely to have hypoxemia

45
Q

signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

thick, purulent cough
wheezing
ronchi in expiration/inhalation
hypoxemia at rest
polycythemia (inc hematocrit)
reduced pulmonary function tests

46
Q

if patient is chronically hypoxemic in chronic bronchitis, this can cause

A

tachycardia and pulmonary hypertension

47
Q

cardiac effects due to chronic bronchitis

A

right heart enlargement/failure
elevated jugular pressure on cardiac exam

48
Q

emphysema

A

loss of alveolar capillary bed
loss of supporting structures
destruction of terminal respiratory units

49
Q

In emphysema __________ are destroyed by ________________

A

lung parenchyma

endogenous or exogenous oxidants

50
Q

in emphysema, ______________ inhibit __________________ function which allows for a abnormal amount of circulating protease and continuous irreversible damage to _________________

A

oxidants

protease inhibitors

elastin and collagen fibers

51
Q

deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

in smokers can increase the chance of developing emphysema

52
Q

in emphysema, there is increased

A

lung compliance

53
Q

sign and symptoms of emphysema

A

decreased breath sounds
hyperinflations and increased chest diameter
pulmonary HTN
reduced pulmonary function tests
polycythemia

54
Q

in emphysema, there are decreased breaths sounds due to

A

decreased breath flow and hyperinflation of lungs

55
Q

is the ventilation/perfusion ratio impacted in emphysema?

A

only initially

one will exhibit respiratory acidosis and PO2/PCO2 levels will appear normal initially

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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