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Medicine > Pulmonary Neoplasia > Flashcards

Pulmonary Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of primary lung neoplasms?

A

benign (rare)

&

malignant (very common)

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2
Q

What is the second type of lung neoplasm?

A

Metastatic (very common)

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3
Q

What is this?

A

Lung Abcess

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4
Q

What in tobacco smoke causes cancer?(5)

A
  • polycyclic hydrocarbons
  • aromatic amines
  • phenols
  • nickel
  • cyanates
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5
Q

What are other risk factors?(6)

A
  • Asbestos
  • nickel
  • chromates
  • radiation
  • atmospheric pollution
  • genetics
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6
Q

What will the patient have if they present with pain?

A

Invasion of Chest Wall

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7
Q

What is the cause of haemoptysis?

A

Ulceration

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8
Q

What will cause the obstruction of the airway?

A

pneumonia

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9
Q

What is the distal area of yellow discolouration?

A

Pneumonia

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10
Q

How will the patient present with metastases?

A
  • lymph nodes
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11
Q

Where are the three most common areas of metastases?

A

liver

brain

bones

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12
Q

What are the systemic effects of cancer?

A
  • weight loss
  • “ectopic” hormone production
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13
Q

What hormone will be produced if cance is squamous cancer?

A

Parathyroid hormone

(PTH)

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14
Q

What hormone will be produced if cancer is small cell?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

(ACTH)

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15
Q

Are lung cancers heterogenous or homogenous ?

A

Very heterogenous

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16
Q

What are the 4 most commone smoking-associated types of lung tumours?

A
  • adenocarcinoma (35%)
  • sqaumous carcinoma (30%)
  • small call carcinoma (25%)
  • large cell carcinoma (10%)
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17
Q

What are two other types of lung tumour?

A
  • neuroendocrine tumours
  • bronchial gland tumours
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18
Q

How would you diagnose a tumour?

A
  • bronchoscopy and biopsy of the tumour if seen
  • biopsy or needle aspiration of metastases (especially mediastinal or supraclavicular lymph nodes)
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19
Q

Why do we classify cancer?

A
  • prognosis
  • treatment
  • pathogenesis/biology
  • epidemiology
20
Q

What is the order of survival time with classification (longest to shortest)?

A
  • squamous or adenocarcinoma
  • large cell
  • small cell
21
Q

What is the treatment for small cell cancer?

A

It is known to be chemosensitive but has rapidly emerging resistance

22
Q

What is the surgery of choice for NSCLC?

A

Surgery

chemotherapy/radiotherapy are also options

23
Q

What oncogenes are present in SCLC?

A

myc

24
Q

What oncogenes are present in NSCLC?

A

myc, K-ras, her2(neu)

25
Q

What tumour supressor genes are mutated in SCLC?

A

p53, Rb, 3p

26
Q

What tumour supressor genes are supressed in NSCLC? (6)

A

p53, 1q, 3p, 9p, 11p, Rb

27
Q

What causes the activation of the EGFR gene?

A

Specific point mutations render the EGFR gene active in the absence of ligand (epidermal growth factor) binding

28
Q

How would you identify a mutation in the DNA?

A

By DNA in biopsy or cytology samples

29
Q

What kind of tumours respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors? (erlotinib)

A

Adenocarcinoma (especially in asian population and non-smokers)

30
Q

What does EML4-ALK fusion oncogene do?

A

It identifies a target for specific drug treatment (crizotinib)

31
Q

What are four kinds of bronchial (large airway tumours)?

A
  • squamous metaplasia
  • dysplasia
  • carcinoma in situ
  • invasive malignancy
32
Q

What are peripheral carcinomas?

A

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

33
Q

What happens in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia?

A

Spread of neoplastic cells along alveolar walls (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma), these are true invasive adenocarcinoma

34
Q

What are the prognostic indicators in lung cancer? (2)

A
  • tumour stage
  • tumour histological subtype
35
Q

What is a carcinoid neoplasm?

A

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of low grade malignancies

36
Q

What are two types of bronchial gland neoplasms

A
  • adenoid cystic carcinoma
  • mucoepidermoid carcinoma
37
Q

What is the name of the cancer associated with pleural neoplasia?

A

Mesothelioma

38
Q
A

Adenocarcinoma (gland forming)

39
Q
A

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

40
Q
A

Basal Cell Hyperplasia

41
Q
A

Dyplasia Carcinoma in Situ

42
Q
A

Large Cell Carcinoma

43
Q
A

Lung Abscess

44
Q
A

Small cell carcinoma

45
Q
A

Squamous Carcinoma Keratinising

46
Q
A

Squamous Metaplasia

47
Q

What is the tumour obstructing?

A

White tumour obstructing bronchus

Medicine (9 decks)

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