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Medicine > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of this cell and how prevalent is it in blood? (2)

A

Basophil (about 1%)

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2
Q

What is the name of these cells and how prevalent are they in blood?

A

Eosinophils (around 3%)

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3
Q

What is the name of this cell and how prevalent is it in blood?

A

Lymphocyte (around 28%)

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4
Q

What is the name of this cell and how prevalent is it in blood?

A

Monocytes (around 8%)

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5
Q

What is the name of this cell and how prevalent is it in blood?

A

Neutrophils (around 60%)

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6
Q

What would cause an increase in the percentage of neutrophils?

A
  • Stress
    • physiological or pathological
    • acute infection
    • trauma
    • infarction
    • inflammation
  • Steroids can cause demargination
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7
Q

What would cause an increase in the percentage of eosinophils?

A
  • Parasitic infections
  • hypersensitivity/ allergic reactions
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8
Q

What would cause an increase in the percentage of basophils?

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions
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9
Q

What do red cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

Hb

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10
Q

What does a lack of iron or B12 do to red cells? (MCV)

A

It can alter their size

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11
Q

What does lower Hb suggest?

A

Anaemia

an=without

aemia=blood

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12
Q

What type of anaemia does a patient have if it presents on a microcytic level?

A

iron deficiency!

e.g. chronic blood loss

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13
Q

What type of anaemia does a patient have if it presents on a macrocytic level?

A

Vitamic B12/ folate deficiency

(nuclear defects)

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14
Q

What type of anaemia does a patient have if it presents on a normocytic level?

A
  • Acute blood loss
  • Anaemia of chronic disease (eg inflammation, infection)
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15
Q

What other changes may chronic disease anaemia cause in blood results?

A

Changes in

  • iron homeostasis
  • the proliferation of erythroid cells
  • the production of erythropoeirin
  • the life span of red cells
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16
Q

What would you worry about if a patient has a high Hb level?

A
  • False result- dehydration
  • Secondary cause- hypoxia driven
  • Primary- bone marrow disorder
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17
Q

What additional abnormalities can blood films indentify (that analysers cannot)?

A
  • target cells in liver disease
  • red cell fragmentation
    • reflecting mechanical damage
18
Q

What would cause an increase in the percentage of monocytes?

A
  • chronic infections
  • malignancy
  • autoimmune disorders
19
Q

What would cause an increase in the percentage of Lymphocytes?

A
  • Viral infections
    • eg glandular fever, ‘reactive’ or activated lymphocytes
20
Q

What aspects of plasma are you interested in?

A
  • Coagulation proteins
  • Plasma viscosity
21
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The arrest of bleeding and the maintenance of vascular patency

22
Q

What are the four requirements of haemostasis?

A
  • Permanent state of readiness
  • Prompt response
  • Localised response
  • Protection against unwanted thrombosis
23
Q

What are the four components of a regular haemostatic system?

A
  • Formation of platelet plug
    • primary haemostasis
  • Formation of fibrin clot
    • secondary haemostasis
  • Fibrinolysis
  • Anticoagulant defences
24
Q

What kind of cells are platelets?

A

Small anucleate discs

25
Q

What is the mean lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

26
Q

What to platelets adhere to and where?

A

They adhere to the collagen at the site of endothelial injury

27
Q

What happens after platelets adhere to the injury site?

A
  • There is secretion of various chemicals from the platelets
  • There is then aggregation of platelets at the site of injury
28
Q

Where do reactions of secondary haemostasis occur?

A

The surface of platelets

29
Q

What causes a false low platelet count?

A

The formation of clumps in the collection tube, confusing the analyser

30
Q

What causes a genuine low platelet count?

A
  • inbalance in production
    • drugs
  • consumption/trapping
    • acute blood loss
    • enlarged spleen
31
Q

Does high platelet count affect haemostasis?

A

No

32
Q

What are the causes of a high platelet count?

A
  • blood loss
  • iron deficiency
  • inflammation
  • malignancies
33
Q

What is the process of secondary haemostasis?

A

Fibrin clot formation

  • series of reactions involving activation of coagulation factors to an active state (pro-enzyme to enzyme), that results in the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
34
Q

What does a coagulation screen measure?

A
  • time taken to form a fibrin clot along diffferent coagulation pathways
  • coagulation activities in vitro
35
Q

What coagulation screens do you know?

A
  • prothrombrin time, PT (II, V, VII, X)
  • activated partial thrombroplastin time, aPTT (II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)
36
Q

What are D-dimers?

A

Degranulation products of fibrin (from fibrinogen) can reflect increased fibrin deposition

  • post surgery
  • heart failure
  • malignancy
  • abnormal thrombus
37
Q

What causes changes in coagulation times?

A

Prolongation due to multiple coagulation factor deficiencies

  • liver disease (production problem)
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC, consumption problem)
38
Q

What does plasma viscosity indicate?

A

It is an index of changes in plasma proteins (fibrinogen and some globulins)

39
Q

What do changes in plasma viscosity relect?

A

Can reflect

  1. systemic inflammtion
  2. less commonly- haematological malignancies producing an abnormal protein
40
Q
A

Medicine (9 decks)

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