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Block 2 Week 8 > Pulmonary Function Test > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

What does gas concentration and its transfer tell us?

A

diffusion capacity

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2
Q

What do you use to find inspiratory/expiratory air flows?

A

spirometer

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3
Q

What do you use to find lung volumes?

A

body plethysmograph

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4
Q

Change in volume over elastic pressure gives you what?

A

static compliance

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5
Q

What are these things:

  • Methacholine
  • Histamine
  • Adenosine 5-monophosphate
  • Cold air / Exercise tests
A

provocation or challenge tests

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6
Q

What are these:

  • Treadmill
  • Stationary bicycle
  • Six minute walk test
A

cardiopulmonary exercise testing

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7
Q

What are these indications of:

hyper-responsiveness, chest tightness, twitchy airways, abnormally sensitive to non-specific stimulants

A

asthma

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8
Q

What is a nonselective muscarinic agonist used to induce muscle constriction in airways?

A

methacholine

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9
Q 
What values are affected by:
Age                            
Gender
Race
Height
Sex 
Weight
Physical Factors (altitude)
A

pulmonary function values

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10
Q

After age of 25-30 years, adults normally lose small amounts (< 20 cc ) of (blank)

A

forced vital capacity or FVC per year

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11
Q

(blank) vary between races and ethnic origins

A

lung volumes

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12
Q

Some labs will routinely reduce (blank) by 10-15 % for African Americans

A

FVC

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13
Q

(blank) is capable of determining inspiratory and expiratory volumes as a function of time. (i.e flow or volume)

A

spirometry

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14
Q

What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:
Related to static mechanics
- Changes in volumes, pressures ( compliance )

A

restrictive

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15
Q

What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:
Related to dynamic mechanics
- Changes in volume/time, airflow ( flow rates )

A

Obstructive

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16
Q

What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:

Related to defects in gas exchange, changes in arterial blood gasses

A

vascular

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17
Q

If you have diaphragmatic weakness, what will it effect?

A

MIP and MEP

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18
Q

(blank) is defined as a complete expiration following a maximal inspiration
IF done as a slow expiration maneuver then termed a slow VC or SVC.
IF a rapid expiration maneuver then a fast VC or FVC

A

vital capacity

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19
Q

Forced expiratory volume over 1 second is what?

A

FEV1

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20
Q

Decreased FEV1 and decreased Flow rate-> hallmark of (blank)

A

airway obstruction (asthma, emphysema)

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21
Q

How long do you need someone to breath out to get a good pulmonary function test?

A

at least 6 seconds

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22
Q

How should the pulmonary function test look if normal?

A

a peak then a linear decrease

23
Q

What is this:
Also called “ body boxes “
Two basic types:
The constant volume, variable-pressure type
The flow or variable-volume apparatus
Both are used to measure thoracic gas volume or TGV and changes in airway resistance and conductance
Utilize pneumotachometers
Utilize mouth pressure transducers
Allow measurement of volume differences in “box” and in lungs ( alveolar volume )

A

body plethysmographs

24
Q

What do you use to measure thoracic gas volume or TGV and changes in airway resistance and conductance

A

body plethysmograph

25
Q

(blank) is defined as a complete slow (not rapid or forceful) expiration following a maximal inspiration

A

Slow vital capacity (VC)

26
Q

(blank) is the volume of gas contained in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

27
Q

(blank) is the largest volume of gas that be inspired from a resting expiratory level - subdivision of vital capacity

A

inspiratory capacity (IC)

28
Q

(blank) is the volume of gas measured from a slow, complete expiration after a maximal inspiration – subdivision of VC

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

29
Q

(blank) is the Volume of gas that can be expired from a resting end-expiratory level - a subdivision of VC

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

30
Q

(blank) is the Volume of gas remaining in lungs at the end of a tidal breath

A

functional residual capacity (FRC)

31
Q

(blank) is the Volume of gas remaining in lungs at the end of a maximal expiration, regardless of lung volume at which exhalation was initiated

A

Residual volume (RV)

32
Q

(blank) or DLCO measures the transfer of CO across the alveolocapillary membranes. If you have Emphysema, cystic lung disease, fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease you will have this reduced.

A

Diffusion capacity. It assesses the overall integrity of the alveoli, capillary bed and the alveolocapillary membranes.

33
Q

DLCO involves what?

A

CO, O2, Nitrogen and tracers and the single breath-hold maneuver that allows to check out diffusion capacity

34
Q

If you have a restriction, what happens to your FVC, FEV1, FRC, RV, TLC?

A

all decrease

35
Q

If you have an obstruction what happens to your FVC, FEV1, FRC, RV, TLC?

A

decrease, decrease, increase, increase, increase

36
Q

What does your volume flow loop look like in severe obstruction lung diseases?

A

inspiration normal, expiration is super short

37
Q

What does your volume flow loop like in fixed or extra-thoracic upper airway obstruction?

A

squished inspiration and squished expiration

38
Q

Point is that structural and functional abnormalities of upper airway can cause differences in (blank X 3)

A

inspiratory or expiratory or both limitations.

39
Q

(blank) - dynamic truncation (squashing) of the INSPIRATORY LIMB of flow volume loop
- During inspiration and thoracic expansion, extraluminal, atmospheric pressure and negative, subatomspheric pressure combine to limit the area of the extrathoracic upper airway
- Tracheomalacia, laryngomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction

A

Variable extrathoracic obstruction

40
Q

(blank) is the dynamic truncation (squashing) of the EXPIRATORY LIMB of the flow volume loop.

A

variable intrathoracic obstruction

41
Q

What does this describe:

During inspiration - intrathoracic pleural pressure is negative relative to intratracheal or airway pressure, so NO flow limitation during inspiration.

During forced expiration – intrathoracic pleural pressure positive relative to intratracheal or airway pressure, so expiratory flow limited

Tracheal lesions, intrathoracic tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis, lymphadenopathy (lymphoma), bronchogenic cysts

A

variable intrathoracic obstruction

42
Q

What does this describe:
results in dynamic limitation of both INSPIRATORY and EXPIRATORY LIMBS of flow volume loop
May be caused by extraluminal obstructive lesions ( bulky mediastinal adenopathy, invasive thymoma, large thyroid cancers )
Bronchial mainstem lesions - usually cancers

A

fixed airway obstruction

43
Q

What squishes both the inspiratory and expiratory limbs of the flow volume loop?

A

fixed obstruction

44
Q

What squishes just the inspiratory limb of the flow volume loop?

A

variable extrathoracic

45
Q

What squishes just the expiratory limb of the flow volume loop?

A

variable intrathoracic

46
Q

If you have reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, reduced expiratory volume and reduced flow rates, AND bronchodilators increases your FEV1 and your FEF towards normal then what do you have?

A

asthma

47
Q

If you have a proportional reduction in both FVC and FEV1, with a normal FEV1/FVC ratio (>70%). The flow volume loop will indicate the reduced volumes.

A

restrictive lung disease (like pulmonary fibrosis)

48
Q

cardiomegaly -> suggestive of right ventricle and enlargement of main pulmonary arteries, reduced diffusion capacity, an alveolar capillary membrane is compromised (6 min walk will discern this)

A

hypoxemia (diffusion defects)

49
Q

When that alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised what will occur?
Fluid – pulmonary edema
Diffuse pneumonitis
Fibrosis
Bronchoalveolar destruction – emphysema
Destruction or remodeling of arteriolar and capillary beds – In PAH, it is the alveolocapillary membrane > than capillary blood volume that is reduced
Diffusion of gas across those membranes impaired, resulting in hypoxemia

A

hypoxemia

50
Q

6 min walk has prognostic abilities with (blank)

A

pulmonary hypertension

51
Q

Thus, conditions that affect or disrupt these lung structures will impair or reduce the (blank)

A

DLCO (diffusion)

52
Q

What do these conditions create? Emphysema, cystic lung disease, fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease

A

decreased diffusion capacity

53
Q

What is this:
Often time and distance recorded
Assesses oxygen degree of desaturation with ambulation
Has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications in COPD, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathies

A

six minute walk test

54
Q

What is this:
Captures VO2, VCO2, Vd/Vt, end-tidal CO2
Again has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications

A

Cardiopulmonary stress testing

Block 2 Week 8 (6 decks)

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