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APPLIED PHYS (KN) > Pulmonary Dynamics > Flashcards

Pulmonary Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

HR and BP spike during

A

Submax level

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2
Q

The purposes of breathing are: (4)

A
  1. Exchange of O2
  2. Exchange of CO2
  3. Control of blood acidity
  4. Oral communication
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3
Q

O2 and CO2 are exchanged between atmosphere and blood in the _______

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

Process of ventilation results in higher _____ in the lungs than in the metabolizing tissues

A

PO2

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5
Q

Speed and depth of breathing affects the amount of ____ and ____ exchanged between body and atmosphere

A

O2 and CO2

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6
Q

________ is the movement of air in and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

_____ is the cellular utilization of O2

A

Respiration

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8
Q

Inspiration and expiration are regulated in 2 ways:

A
  1. Frequency

2. Volume

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9
Q

VDS = ______ (other name)= ______ mL

A

Dead space = 150 mL

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10
Q

VA = _______ = _______ (formula)

A

Alveolar Ventilation = (VT-VDS)xF

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11
Q

VT = _______ = _______ (formula)

A

Tidal Volume = VA + VDS (OR VE/F)

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12
Q

VE = _______ = _______ (formula)

A

Minute ventilation = VT x BF

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13
Q 
What is the VE at rest?
Max Ex (Athletes)
Max Ex (Elite)
Increase (Athletes)
Increase (Elite)
A 
Rest: 6 L/min
Max Ex (A): 100
Max Ex (E): 192
Increase (A): 17x
Increase (E): 32x
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14
Q 
What is the VT at rest?
Max Ex (Athletes)
Max Ex (Elite)
Increase (Athletes)
Increase (Elite)
A 
Rest: 0.5 V/B
Max ex (A): 2.0
Max ex (E): 4.0
Increase (A): 4x
Increase (E): 8x
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15
Q 
What is the Breathing Frequency (FB/min) at rest?
Max Ex (Athletes)
Max Ex (Elite)
Increase (Athletes)
Increase (Elite)
A 
Rest: 12 FB/min
Max ex (A): 48
Max ex (E): 0-70
Increase (A): 4x
Increase (E): 5x
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16
Q

Efficiency of breathing: True or false

- It is more efficient to breathe shallow and more often (Decrease VT and increase F)

A

FALSE!

It is more efficient to breathe DEEP and LESS OFTEN (INCREASE VT and DECREASE F)

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17
Q

Efficiency of Breathing: T/F

- Respiratory muscles consume O2 for work of breathing, thus more o2 for exercising muscles

A

FALSE!

Respiratory muscles consume O2 for work of breathing, thus LESS O2 for exercising muscles

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18
Q

Efficiency of breathing: T/F

- The body chooses the most efficient way to breathe normally

A

TRUE!

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19
Q

Control of Ventilation:

Rate and depth of breathing are adjusted in response to body’s _______ needs

A

Metabolic

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20
Q

Control of Ventilation: In healthy individuals, ______, _____, and _____ are essentially regulated at resting values regardless of the exercise intensity.

A

PaO2, PaCO2, pH

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21
Q

Automatic activity of inspiratory neurons that run the respiratory cycle have cell bodies in the ___

A

Medulla

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22
Q

Inhalation is _____ process, exhalation is ______ process

A

Active

Passive

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23
Q

Pulmonary ventilation at rest is regulated by _________

A

Chemical state of blood

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24
Q

Reduced O2 pressures stimulate ______ and activate ______ to _____ ventilation

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors
Aortic and carotid chemoreceptors
Increase ventilation

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25
Q

Only the _______ protect against decreases in PaO2

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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26
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation in response to increases in _______, temperature, metabolic _______, _______ in BP, changes in H+, and exercise

A

Increases in PaCO2
Metabolic Acidosis
Decrease in BP

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27
Q

At rest, most important stimulus for HEALTHY person free of lung disease is ______ pressure (small increases in ______ cause large changes in ______)

A

CO2
PaCO2
VE

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28
Q

In patients with COPD, the low _____ stimulates them to breathe (hypoxia drive), thus protecting them from arterial hypoxia

A

O2

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29
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Abnormally rapid and deep breathing

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30
Q

What helps to regulate exercise hyperpnea and protect against arterial hypoxia in ascent to higher altitudes?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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31
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located with the ______ and respond to increases in _____ and _____.

A

Medulla
PaCO2
H+

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32
Q

T/F: chemical stimulation does fully accounts for the increase in ventilation during PA

A

FALSE

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33
Q

Phase 1 of ventilation during exercise is aka ______

A

Rapid rise

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34
Q

Phase I is controlled by neurogenic stimuli from cerebral cortex combined with feedback from active limbs stimulates medulla to abruptly ________ ventilation.
After 20 second pause, ________ rises exponentially

A

Increase

VE

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35
Q

Phase II ventilation during exercise is aka ______

A

Rise to Steady State

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36
Q

What happens in Phase II of ventilation during exercise?

A

Ventilation continues to rise until reaches steady state in relation to demands for metabolic gas exchange

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37
Q

What causes person to stop exercising during steady state?

A

Usually RPE

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38
Q

Phase II is regulated by cerebral cortex and factors intrinsic to neurons of respiratory control center. Likely that input from ______ is provided.

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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39
Q

Phase III ventilation during exercise is aka _____

A

Steady state

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40
Q

Fine tuning of steady state is through ______ and ______

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors and cerebral cortex

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41
Q

Steady state is the matching of the _____ to _____ production (flat line)

A

VE to CO2

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42
Q

Last phase of ventilation during exercise is ____

A

Recovery

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43
Q

Initial rapid decrease due to abrupt removal of cerebral cortex and stopping movement is ____

A

Recovery

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44
Q

Slower phase of recovery is due to removal of short-term potentiation of respiratory center and reestablishment of ______-

A

Body’s homeostasis

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45
Q

How long is the pause that occurs before rise to steady state?

A

20 seconds

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46
Q

Is steady state or incremental safer for the patient?

A 
Steady state
(Incremental just done for testing)
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47
Q

Physical activity affects ___, ____, and ____ more than any other form of physiologic stress

A

VE, VO2, VCO2

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48
Q

_________ ventilation increases to maintain proper gas concentrations for rapid gas exchange

A

Alveolar

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49
Q

Blood gasses/ABGs are at resting levels, even at max levels of exercise - T/F?

A

TRUE

50
Q

At the MAX level (of normal person), start to dilate, CO drops, VO2 starts to peak– what can happen?

A

Pass out!

51
Q

Light to moderate exercise- ventilation increases _____ with VO2 and VCO2

A

linearly

52
Q

Ventilation is increased through increasing ____, at higher levels _____ takes more important role

A

VT

BF

53
Q

Ratio of VE to VO2 is termed _______ and is symbolized _______

A

Ventilatory equivalent

VE/VO2

54
Q

Healthy adults: VE/VO2 ratio is usually ______ during SUBMAX exercise (up to _______% of VO2 max) (someone who is not an elite athlete)

A

25:1

55%

55
Q

Sufficient O2 is supplied and LA does not exceed resting levels at steady state- T/F?

A

TRUE

56
Q

In steady state, VO2 and VE ____

A

Plateau

57
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

During more intense (submax) exercise (at about 55% VO2 max) the VE takes a SHARP UPSWING and increases ___________ with increasing VO2 (ventilatory threshold/lactate threshold)

A

DISPROPORTIONATELY

58
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

VE upswings because producing ______ , which breaks down into CO2 and needs to be blown off

A

Lactic acid

59
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

Cardiac disease patient might hit ventilatory/lactate threshold at _____% of VO2 max because do not have enough CO to sustain higher levels of exercise

A

40%

60
Q

T/F: RPE is acceptable to use for cardiac disease patients

A

FALSE

61
Q

What is the VE/VO2 #?

A

35

62
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

Exercise level that LA begins to show a systematic increase above resting baseline levels (4.0 mM) = ________

A

OBLA

63
Q

OBLA stands for?

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

64
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

O2 delivery to muscles can no longer support O2 requirements of oxidation, thus more E is derived from _______

A

Glycolysis

65
Q

OBLA occurs between _______% VO2max in healthy subjects

A

55-65%

66
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

In trained subjects, OBLA can occur at ______% or higher of VO2max

A

70%

67
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:
Almost all LA generated during anaerobic metabolism is buffered in blood by NaHCO2 and the byproducts are ____, ____, and _____

A

Sodium lactate, H2O, CO2

68
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

CO2 produced is exhaled into atmosphere as _____ blood enters lungs

A

Venous

69
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

OBLA relates to onset of ______ and subsequent accumulation of LA

A

anaerobiosis

70
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

rise in ____ is due to production of LA

A

VE

71
Q

Ventilation in non-steady state:

Mechanism for rise in VE is _____

A

BF

72
Q

Point where VE and VCO2 increases disproportionately to VO2 during graded exercise is _______ aka _______

A

Ventilatory threshold, anaerobic threshold

73
Q

At start of exercise, ventilatory threshold generally about ______% (starting to produce more LA and need to blow it off)

A

55%

74
Q

Lactate threshold describes the highest VO2 or exercise intensity before a _____mM increase in __________ above the pre-exercise level

A

1.0mM

blood lactate concentration

75
Q

Pre-exercise level lactate threshold usually between 1-2 at rest, at lactate threshold rises to ____ to ___, starting to enter anaerobic metabolism

A

2-3

76
Q

_____ signifies when blood lactate concentration increases to 4.0mM

A

OBLA

77
Q

More muscle mass that is used, OBLA will occur at a higher _____

A

VO2

78
Q

Lactate Threshold and OBLA are used interchangeably, but each represents operationally different point for intensity of effort and _______

A

Blood lactate level

79
Q

T/F: can push patients further than OBLA level

A

FALSE- don’t you dare

80
Q

______ and ______ influence and predict endurance performance

A

VO2 and OBLA

81
Q

T/F: Training can be improved at point of OBLA without increase in VO2max

A

TRUE

82
Q

Which changes with training? VO2max or OBLA?

A

OBLA

83
Q

What does OBLA increasing allow for?

A

Ability to get rid of LA

84
Q

T/F: Racial differences exist in OBLA and VO2max

A

TRUE

85
Q

It has been found that African and South African endurance runners have greater resistance to _____ at same percentage of peak treadmill running velocity than Caucasian counterparts despite similar values for VO2max

A

FATIGUE - this is the difference

86
Q

T/F: OBLA and VO2max are determined by the same factors

A

FALSE

87
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Muscle fiber type activated (fast/slow twitch)

A

OBLA

88
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Capillary density

A

OBLA

89
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Absolute quantity of muscle

A

VO2max

90
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Mitochondrial size and number

A

OBLA

91
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Mass activated

A

VO2max

92
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Alterations in muscle’s enzymatic and oxidative capabilities

A

OBLA

93
Q

OBLA or VO2max determinant?

Functional capacity of CVS

A

VO2max

94
Q

Exercise intensity at point of ______ is consistent and powerful predictor of performance in aerobic exercise.

A

OBLA

95
Q

Changes in endurance performance with training are closely related to changes in ______ rather than changes in ______

A

OBLA, VO2max

96
Q

VO2 changes the most in ____ months, then in ___ years

A

3 months, 2 yrs

97
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
Less adaptation in pulm structure and function occurs in aerobic training than in cardiovascular and neuromuscular function-
T/F

A

TRUE

98
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

T/F- Pulmonary unction forms weak link in O2 transport system

A

FALSE- does NOT

99
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

VEmax ____ with increase in VO2max

A

Increases

100
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

At submax levels, ventilatory equivalent ______, VT becomes _____, BF (breathing frequency) is _______

A

Decreases
Larger
Reduced

101
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

BF will cause more energy use, so need higher ______

A

VT

102
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

Ventilation is or is not factor in limiting aerobic performance except for elite athlete?

A

IS NOT

103
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:

Greater capacity to increase ventilation (35fold) during aerobic exercise than ____ (6fold) or ____ (20fold)

A

Q, VO2

104
Q

Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
During MAX aerobic exercise, there is ventilatory reserve in healthy individuals and VE max is only _ - _ % of the MVV (max voluntary ventilation)

A

60-85%

105
Q

What is maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

A

Max amount of gas person can move in one minute

106
Q

Healthy individuals have MVV reserve of __-__ %

A

20-40%

107
Q

Which limits ability to exercise at max? minute ventilation or cardiac system?

A

MINUTE VENTILATION

108
Q

For someone that is normal ______ is limiting for exercise

A

CVS

109
Q

Energy cost of breathing:
in COPD, the added expiratory resistance _____ normal cost of breathing at rest and severely limits exercise capacity of individuals

A

Triples

110
Q

Energy cost of breathing:

In severe COPD, energy cost of breathing attains _____% of total exercise VO2

A

40%

111
Q

Energy cost of breathing:
Exercise training produces only small improvements in PFT, but increases ______, reduces _____, improves respiratory and peripheral muscle function, and enhances psychological state

A

Exercise capacity, dyspnea

112
Q

Cigarette smoking _____ exercise HR response

A

BLUNTS

113
Q

Cigarette smoking alters sensitivity in ________

A

Autonomic neural control

114
Q

Where is the respiratory center of the brain located?

A

Medulla

115
Q

What receptors protect against decrease in PaO2

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

116
Q

What is most important stimulus for breathing in healthy person?

A

CO2 pressure

117
Q

During steady state, LA does not form. Explain

A

Sufficient O2 present

118
Q

At what point in VO2max does LA form?

A

55% VO2max

119
Q

What buffers the increase of LA in the blood due to increase in anaerobic metabolism?

A

NaHCO2

120
Q

What increases in response to accumulation of LA?

A

VE and VCO2

121
Q

Explain why ventilation does not limit aerobic performance except in elite athlete

A

there is greater capacity to increase ventilation (35fold) during aerobic exercise than Q (6fold)

APPLIED PHYS (KN) (7 decks)

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