Pulmonary Dynamics Flashcards
HR and BP spike during
Submax level
The purposes of breathing are: (4)
- Exchange of O2
- Exchange of CO2
- Control of blood acidity
- Oral communication
O2 and CO2 are exchanged between atmosphere and blood in the _______
Alveoli
Process of ventilation results in higher _____ in the lungs than in the metabolizing tissues
PO2
Speed and depth of breathing affects the amount of ____ and ____ exchanged between body and atmosphere
O2 and CO2
________ is the movement of air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
_____ is the cellular utilization of O2
Respiration
Inspiration and expiration are regulated in 2 ways:
- Frequency
2. Volume
VDS = ______ (other name)= ______ mL
Dead space = 150 mL
VA = _______ = _______ (formula)
Alveolar Ventilation = (VT-VDS)xF
VT = _______ = _______ (formula)
Tidal Volume = VA + VDS (OR VE/F)
VE = _______ = _______ (formula)
Minute ventilation = VT x BF
What is the VE at rest? Max Ex (Athletes) Max Ex (Elite) Increase (Athletes) Increase (Elite)
Rest: 6 L/min Max Ex (A): 100 Max Ex (E): 192 Increase (A): 17x Increase (E): 32x
What is the VT at rest? Max Ex (Athletes) Max Ex (Elite) Increase (Athletes) Increase (Elite)
Rest: 0.5 V/B Max ex (A): 2.0 Max ex (E): 4.0 Increase (A): 4x Increase (E): 8x
What is the Breathing Frequency (FB/min) at rest? Max Ex (Athletes) Max Ex (Elite) Increase (Athletes) Increase (Elite)
Rest: 12 FB/min Max ex (A): 48 Max ex (E): 0-70 Increase (A): 4x Increase (E): 5x
Efficiency of breathing: True or false
- It is more efficient to breathe shallow and more often (Decrease VT and increase F)
FALSE!
It is more efficient to breathe DEEP and LESS OFTEN (INCREASE VT and DECREASE F)
Efficiency of Breathing: T/F
- Respiratory muscles consume O2 for work of breathing, thus more o2 for exercising muscles
FALSE!
Respiratory muscles consume O2 for work of breathing, thus LESS O2 for exercising muscles
Efficiency of breathing: T/F
- The body chooses the most efficient way to breathe normally
TRUE!
Control of Ventilation:
Rate and depth of breathing are adjusted in response to body’s _______ needs
Metabolic
Control of Ventilation: In healthy individuals, ______, _____, and _____ are essentially regulated at resting values regardless of the exercise intensity.
PaO2, PaCO2, pH
Automatic activity of inspiratory neurons that run the respiratory cycle have cell bodies in the ___
Medulla
Inhalation is _____ process, exhalation is ______ process
Active
Passive
Pulmonary ventilation at rest is regulated by _________
Chemical state of blood
Reduced O2 pressures stimulate ______ and activate ______ to _____ ventilation
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Aortic and carotid chemoreceptors
Increase ventilation
Only the _______ protect against decreases in PaO2
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation in response to increases in _______, temperature, metabolic _______, _______ in BP, changes in H+, and exercise
Increases in PaCO2
Metabolic Acidosis
Decrease in BP
At rest, most important stimulus for HEALTHY person free of lung disease is ______ pressure (small increases in ______ cause large changes in ______)
CO2
PaCO2
VE
In patients with COPD, the low _____ stimulates them to breathe (hypoxia drive), thus protecting them from arterial hypoxia
O2
What is hyperpnea?
Abnormally rapid and deep breathing
What helps to regulate exercise hyperpnea and protect against arterial hypoxia in ascent to higher altitudes?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors are located with the ______ and respond to increases in _____ and _____.
Medulla
PaCO2
H+
T/F: chemical stimulation does fully accounts for the increase in ventilation during PA
FALSE
Phase 1 of ventilation during exercise is aka ______
Rapid rise
Phase I is controlled by neurogenic stimuli from cerebral cortex combined with feedback from active limbs stimulates medulla to abruptly ________ ventilation.
After 20 second pause, ________ rises exponentially
Increase
VE
Phase II ventilation during exercise is aka ______
Rise to Steady State
What happens in Phase II of ventilation during exercise?
Ventilation continues to rise until reaches steady state in relation to demands for metabolic gas exchange
What causes person to stop exercising during steady state?
Usually RPE
Phase II is regulated by cerebral cortex and factors intrinsic to neurons of respiratory control center. Likely that input from ______ is provided.
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Phase III ventilation during exercise is aka _____
Steady state
Fine tuning of steady state is through ______ and ______
Peripheral chemoreceptors and cerebral cortex
Steady state is the matching of the _____ to _____ production (flat line)
VE to CO2
Last phase of ventilation during exercise is ____
Recovery
Initial rapid decrease due to abrupt removal of cerebral cortex and stopping movement is ____
Recovery
Slower phase of recovery is due to removal of short-term potentiation of respiratory center and reestablishment of ______-
Body’s homeostasis
How long is the pause that occurs before rise to steady state?
20 seconds
Is steady state or incremental safer for the patient?
Steady state (Incremental just done for testing)
Physical activity affects ___, ____, and ____ more than any other form of physiologic stress
VE, VO2, VCO2
_________ ventilation increases to maintain proper gas concentrations for rapid gas exchange
Alveolar
Blood gasses/ABGs are at resting levels, even at max levels of exercise - T/F?
TRUE
At the MAX level (of normal person), start to dilate, CO drops, VO2 starts to peak– what can happen?
Pass out!
Light to moderate exercise- ventilation increases _____ with VO2 and VCO2
linearly
Ventilation is increased through increasing ____, at higher levels _____ takes more important role
VT
BF
Ratio of VE to VO2 is termed _______ and is symbolized _______
Ventilatory equivalent
VE/VO2
Healthy adults: VE/VO2 ratio is usually ______ during SUBMAX exercise (up to _______% of VO2 max) (someone who is not an elite athlete)
25:1
55%
Sufficient O2 is supplied and LA does not exceed resting levels at steady state- T/F?
TRUE
In steady state, VO2 and VE ____
Plateau
Ventilation in non-steady state:
During more intense (submax) exercise (at about 55% VO2 max) the VE takes a SHARP UPSWING and increases ___________ with increasing VO2 (ventilatory threshold/lactate threshold)
DISPROPORTIONATELY
Ventilation in non-steady state:
VE upswings because producing ______ , which breaks down into CO2 and needs to be blown off
Lactic acid
Ventilation in non-steady state:
Cardiac disease patient might hit ventilatory/lactate threshold at _____% of VO2 max because do not have enough CO to sustain higher levels of exercise
40%
T/F: RPE is acceptable to use for cardiac disease patients
FALSE
What is the VE/VO2 #?
35
Ventilation in non-steady state:
Exercise level that LA begins to show a systematic increase above resting baseline levels (4.0 mM) = ________
OBLA
OBLA stands for?
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
Ventilation in non-steady state:
O2 delivery to muscles can no longer support O2 requirements of oxidation, thus more E is derived from _______
Glycolysis
OBLA occurs between _______% VO2max in healthy subjects
55-65%
Ventilation in non-steady state:
In trained subjects, OBLA can occur at ______% or higher of VO2max
70%
Ventilation in non-steady state:
Almost all LA generated during anaerobic metabolism is buffered in blood by NaHCO2 and the byproducts are ____, ____, and _____
Sodium lactate, H2O, CO2
Ventilation in non-steady state:
CO2 produced is exhaled into atmosphere as _____ blood enters lungs
Venous
Ventilation in non-steady state:
OBLA relates to onset of ______ and subsequent accumulation of LA
anaerobiosis
Ventilation in non-steady state:
rise in ____ is due to production of LA
VE
Ventilation in non-steady state:
Mechanism for rise in VE is _____
BF
Point where VE and VCO2 increases disproportionately to VO2 during graded exercise is _______ aka _______
Ventilatory threshold, anaerobic threshold
At start of exercise, ventilatory threshold generally about ______% (starting to produce more LA and need to blow it off)
55%
Lactate threshold describes the highest VO2 or exercise intensity before a _____mM increase in __________ above the pre-exercise level
1.0mM
blood lactate concentration
Pre-exercise level lactate threshold usually between 1-2 at rest, at lactate threshold rises to ____ to ___, starting to enter anaerobic metabolism
2-3
_____ signifies when blood lactate concentration increases to 4.0mM
OBLA
More muscle mass that is used, OBLA will occur at a higher _____
VO2
Lactate Threshold and OBLA are used interchangeably, but each represents operationally different point for intensity of effort and _______
Blood lactate level
T/F: can push patients further than OBLA level
FALSE- don’t you dare
______ and ______ influence and predict endurance performance
VO2 and OBLA
T/F: Training can be improved at point of OBLA without increase in VO2max
TRUE
Which changes with training? VO2max or OBLA?
OBLA
What does OBLA increasing allow for?
Ability to get rid of LA
T/F: Racial differences exist in OBLA and VO2max
TRUE
It has been found that African and South African endurance runners have greater resistance to _____ at same percentage of peak treadmill running velocity than Caucasian counterparts despite similar values for VO2max
FATIGUE - this is the difference
T/F: OBLA and VO2max are determined by the same factors
FALSE
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Muscle fiber type activated (fast/slow twitch)
OBLA
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Capillary density
OBLA
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Absolute quantity of muscle
VO2max
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Mitochondrial size and number
OBLA
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Mass activated
VO2max
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Alterations in muscle’s enzymatic and oxidative capabilities
OBLA
OBLA or VO2max determinant?
Functional capacity of CVS
VO2max
Exercise intensity at point of ______ is consistent and powerful predictor of performance in aerobic exercise.
OBLA
Changes in endurance performance with training are closely related to changes in ______ rather than changes in ______
OBLA, VO2max
VO2 changes the most in ____ months, then in ___ years
3 months, 2 yrs
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
Less adaptation in pulm structure and function occurs in aerobic training than in cardiovascular and neuromuscular function-
T/F
TRUE
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
T/F- Pulmonary unction forms weak link in O2 transport system
FALSE- does NOT
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
VEmax ____ with increase in VO2max
Increases
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
At submax levels, ventilatory equivalent ______, VT becomes _____, BF (breathing frequency) is _______
Decreases
Larger
Reduced
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
BF will cause more energy use, so need higher ______
VT
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
Ventilation is or is not factor in limiting aerobic performance except for elite athlete?
IS NOT
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
Greater capacity to increase ventilation (35fold) during aerobic exercise than ____ (6fold) or ____ (20fold)
Q, VO2
Pulmonary Adaptations to Endurance Training:
During MAX aerobic exercise, there is ventilatory reserve in healthy individuals and VE max is only _ - _ % of the MVV (max voluntary ventilation)
60-85%
What is maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
Max amount of gas person can move in one minute
Healthy individuals have MVV reserve of __-__ %
20-40%
Which limits ability to exercise at max? minute ventilation or cardiac system?
MINUTE VENTILATION
For someone that is normal ______ is limiting for exercise
CVS
Energy cost of breathing:
in COPD, the added expiratory resistance _____ normal cost of breathing at rest and severely limits exercise capacity of individuals
Triples
Energy cost of breathing:
In severe COPD, energy cost of breathing attains _____% of total exercise VO2
40%
Energy cost of breathing:
Exercise training produces only small improvements in PFT, but increases ______, reduces _____, improves respiratory and peripheral muscle function, and enhances psychological state
Exercise capacity, dyspnea
Cigarette smoking _____ exercise HR response
BLUNTS
Cigarette smoking alters sensitivity in ________
Autonomic neural control
Where is the respiratory center of the brain located?
Medulla
What receptors protect against decrease in PaO2
Peripheral chemoreceptors
What is most important stimulus for breathing in healthy person?
CO2 pressure
During steady state, LA does not form. Explain
Sufficient O2 present
At what point in VO2max does LA form?
55% VO2max
What buffers the increase of LA in the blood due to increase in anaerobic metabolism?
NaHCO2
What increases in response to accumulation of LA?
VE and VCO2
Explain why ventilation does not limit aerobic performance except in elite athlete
there is greater capacity to increase ventilation (35fold) during aerobic exercise than Q (6fold)
