Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards
what is Pulmonary Hypertension
Elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow.
- cause by a narrowing of the small arteries of the lungs that makes the right side of the heart to circulate the blood to the lungs. Overtime the right side of the heart may become enlarged and even fail(for pulmonale)
Types of Pulmonary Hypertension
Primary- severe and progressive
Secondary- occurs when a primary disease causes chronic increase in pulmonary artery pressure.
- lung disease
- pulmonary embolism
- connective tissue disorders
causes of Pulmonary Hypertension
- genetic
- any condition that causes chronic low oxygen levels in the blood(COPD)
- autoimmune diseases: scleroderma(hardening of the skin
- congestive heart failure
- Hx of blood clot in the lungs
- HIV infection
- lung or heart valve disease
- obstructive sleep apnea
clinical manifestation of Pulmonary Hypertension
- dyspnea on exertion(DOE)
- Fatigue
- Exertional Chest Pain
- Dizziness
- exertional Syncope-fainting/dizziness
- leg swelling
- weakness
what is Cor Pulmonale
Is an enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to disease of the lungs, thorax or pulmonary circulation.
- Most common cause of Cor pulmonale is COPD
- Almost any disorder that affects the respiratory system can cause Cor Pulmonale.
clinical manifestation of Cor Pulmonale
- dyspnea
- chronic productive cough
- wheezing
- retrosternal or substernal pain
- fatigue
- possibly Polycythemia- increase on RBC that trying to compensate to carry more oxygen to the circulation.
Pulmonary Fungal Infections-increases in incidence
- Aspergillosis-fungal infection
- Cryptococcosis-blurred vision(fungal)
- Candidiasis
Pulmonary Fungal Infections-Can be found in Patients with:
seriously ill patients treated with:
- corticosteriods- decreased immune system
- antineoplastic- chemotherapy that tried to kill cancer cells
- immunosupressive drugs
AIDS patients
Cystic Fibrosis patients-thick mucus builds up in the lungs, GI or other part of the body.
Pulmonary Fungal Infections: Treatment
- Amphotericin B remains the standard Therapy
- must be given in IV because it poorly absorbed via GI tract.
- very toxic medication
what is Lung Abscess
A pus-containing lesion of the lung tissue- usually cause by aspiration of material from the GI tract.
risk factors of Lung Abscess
- same risk factors of aspiration
- alcoholism
- seizures
- neuromuscular disease(unable to clear airway)
- drug overdose
- General anesthesia
- stroke
infectious agents causes Lung Abscess
Klebsiella
Staph Aureus
Anaerobic Bacilli
slower and more insidious if Anaerobic organisms are the primary cause
- Escherichia coli
- Botulinum
- Klebsiella
- Tetanus
more acute onset usually involves Aerobic organisms
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus species
clinical manifestation/complications of Lung Abscess
- productive cough producing sputum(often dark, foul smelling, foul tasting, Hemoptysis common)
- fever
- chills
- Prostration=bedridden
- Pleuritic pain =chest pain
- dyspnea
- cough
- weight loss
- dullness of percussion
- decrease breath sounds
- crackles
- dental and gum problems= due to aspiration(acids)
