pulmonary diseases overview

Question 1

conducting zone

Answer 1

brings air into and out of the lungs

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 2

what is the main conducting pathway

Answer 2

trachea

2 bronchi (1/lung)

continues to divide into 23 divisions

Question 3

pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 3

via most of zone rich w/ goblet cells (make mucus)

Question 4

what happens deeper into the zone

Answer 4

becomes simple squamous epithelium and then simple columnar epithelium

Question 5

function of the conducting system

Answer 5

conducts air into and out of lungs

warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the critical gas exchange region

conditioning of air

Question 6

what is the conducting system lined with

Answer 6

mucus secreting and ciliated cells that function to remove inhaled particles

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 7

what are smooth muscles under the innervation by

Answer 7

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 8

respiratory zone

Answer 8

where gas exchange occurs

respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveolar sacs

Question 9

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 9

transitional structures b/c they contain cilia and smooth muscle

alveoli occasionally bud off their walls

Question 10

alveolar ducts

Answer 10

completely lines with alveoli

no cilia and little smooth muscles (squamous cells)

terminate in alveolar sacs –> also lined with alveoli

Question 11

alveoli

Answer 11

approx 300 mill/lung

large surface area for diffusion

rimmed with elastic fibers and lined w/ squamous epithelial cells

Question 12

type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 12

help to remove particles and get rid of old surfactant

Question 13

type 2

Answer 13

synthesize surfactant (to reduce surface tension)

have regenerative capacity for the type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

Question 14

alveolar macrophages

Answer 14

phagocytic

engulfs debris

Question 15

approaching pt with pulmonary disease

Answer 15

palpation

mass, midline trachea, supraclavicular nodes, chest expansion

Question 16

percussion examination

Answer 16

normal

resonant (increase echo, hyperextended chest, pneumothorax)

dull (consolidated) –> fluid builds up in lungs

stony dull (pleural effusion) –> ‘brick wall” fluid built up in pleural space

Question 17

auscultation examination

Answer 17

while pt is taking slow deep breaths with mouth open you listen for

ask pt to repeat 99

Question 18

while pt is taking slow deep breaths with mouth open you listen for

Answer 18

wheezing (rhonchi) –> narrowing of airway

crackles (rales) –> edema, fibrosis

rub –> inflammatory conditions (ie. pericarditis)

Question 19

ask pt to repeat 99

Answer 19

should be muffled over normal lung

increase and clearer over consolidated lung