pulmonary diseases overview Flashcards
conducting zone
brings air into and out of the lungs
nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
what is the main conducting pathway
trachea
2 bronchi (1/lung)
continues to divide into 23 divisions
pseudostratified epithelium
via most of zone rich w/ goblet cells (make mucus)
what happens deeper into the zone
becomes simple squamous epithelium and then simple columnar epithelium
function of the conducting system
conducts air into and out of lungs
warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the critical gas exchange region
conditioning of air
what is the conducting system lined with
mucus secreting and ciliated cells that function to remove inhaled particles
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what are smooth muscles under the innervation by
sympathetic and parasympathetic
respiratory zone
where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveolar sacs
respiratory bronchioles
transitional structures b/c they contain cilia and smooth muscle
alveoli occasionally bud off their walls
alveolar ducts
completely lines with alveoli
no cilia and little smooth muscles (squamous cells)
terminate in alveolar sacs –> also lined with alveoli
alveoli
approx 300 mill/lung
large surface area for diffusion
rimmed with elastic fibers and lined w/ squamous epithelial cells
type 1 pneumocytes
help to remove particles and get rid of old surfactant
type 2
synthesize surfactant (to reduce surface tension)
have regenerative capacity for the type 1 and 2 pneumocytes
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic
engulfs debris
approaching pt with pulmonary disease
palpation
mass, midline trachea, supraclavicular nodes, chest expansion
percussion examination
normal
resonant (increase echo, hyperextended chest, pneumothorax)
dull (consolidated) –> fluid builds up in lungs
stony dull (pleural effusion) –> ‘brick wall” fluid built up in pleural space
auscultation examination
while pt is taking slow deep breaths with mouth open you listen for
ask pt to repeat 99
while pt is taking slow deep breaths with mouth open you listen for
wheezing (rhonchi) –> narrowing of airway
crackles (rales) –> edema, fibrosis
rub –> inflammatory conditions (ie. pericarditis)
ask pt to repeat 99
should be muffled over normal lung
increase and clearer over consolidated lung
