pharmacology of CV system

Question 1

antihypertensive drugs

Answer 1

diuretics

sympatholytic drugs

vasodilators

inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system

calcium channel blockers

treatment of hyperlipidemia

Question 2

diuretics

Answer 2

increase the formation and excretion of urine to decrease plasma fluid volume

thiazide diuretics

loop diuretics

potassium-sparing diuretics

adverse effects

Question 3

thiazide diuretics

Answer 3

act on the early portion of the distal tubule of the nephron

inhibit sodium reabsorption

Question 4

loop diuretics

Answer 4

act primarily on the ascending limb of the loop of henle

inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the nephron

Question 5

potassium-sparing diretics

Answer 5

prevent the secretion of potassium into the distal tubule

Question 6

adverse effects of diuretics

Answer 6

fluid depletion and electrolyte imbalance

Question 7

sympatholytic drugs

Answer 7

decrease sympathetic influence on the heart and/or peripheral vasculature

beta blockers

alpha blockers

presynaptic adrenergic inhibitors

centrally acting agents

ganglionic blockers

Question 8

beta blockers

Answer 8

slow HR

reduce CO

produce general decrease in sympathetic tone

Question 9

alpha blockers

Answer 9

decrease vascular resistance in vascular smooth muscle

Question 10

presynaptic adrenergic inhibitors

Answer 10

depletion of norepinephrine from the presynaptic terminal decreases sympathetic-mediated excitation of the heart and peripheral vasculature

resulting in decreased BP

Question 11

centrally acting agents

Answer 11

limit sympathetic activity at the brainstem vasomotor center

Question 12

ganglionic blockers

Answer 12

block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia

decreasing systemic sympathetic activity

reducing BP

Question 13

vasodilators

Answer 13

decreases peripheral vascular resistance

Question 14

inhibition of renin-angiotensin system

Answer 14

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

angiotensin II blockers

Question 15

ACE inhibitors

Answer 15

decrease the hypertensive effects of angiotensin II by limiting the production of angiotensin II

Question 16

angiotensin II blockers

Answer 16

block receptor for angiotensin II

blocking effects

Question 17

calcium channel blockers

Answer 17

limit calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

decrease vascular smooth muscle contraction and myocardial force and rate of contraction

Question 18

treatment of hyperlipidemia

Answer 18

focus on reducing atherogenic lipoproteins and increasing the beneficial HDLs

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

Question 19

statins

Answer 19

decrease cholesterol production, especially in liver cells

lipitor

Question 20

antithrombotic drugs

Answer 20

inhibit the function of platelets

aspirin

others reduce platelet-induced clotting

adverse effects –> increased risk of bleeding

Question 21

aspirin

Answer 21

suppresses platelet aggregation by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Question 22

thrombolytic drugs

Answer 22

facilitate the breakdown and dissolution of clots that have already formed

streptokinase and urokinase

anistreplase

reteplase and tenecteplase

adverse effects

Question 23

streptokinase and urokinase

Answer 23

bring about the activation of plasmin, can be used to successfully resolve acute clot formation in coronary arteries and peripheral vessels

Question 24

anistreplase

Answer 24

binds to fibrin, where it is chemically activated so that the streptokinase can modify plasminogen and initiate clot breakdown

Question 25

reteplase and tenecteplase

Answer 25

newer agents

can be given more rapidly

further studies need to be done

Question 26

adverse effects

Answer 26

hemorrhage

excessive bleeding

fever

allergic reaction