Pulmonary development Flashcards

1
Q

Two layers of pulmonary pleura

A

Parietal and visceral with a thin film of fluid in between

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2
Q

How many lobes are in the lungs

A

left: superior and inferior. Right: superior, middle, inferior

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3
Q

What supplies the lungs? What drains the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries, bronchial arteries, bronchi supply lungs. Pulmonary veins and lymphatics drain the acini (gas exchange unit)

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4
Q

List the progression of the airway structures

A

trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles >respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs

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5
Q

Which parts of the airway are gas exchange regions

A

•Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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6
Q

Which parts of the airway are conducting airway regions

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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7
Q

Layers of the airway walls

A

Inner mucosal surface (epithelial cells, cilia, and goblet cells), the smooth muscle layer, and the outer connective tissue layer. Cartilage is present in the trachea and bronchi.

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8
Q

Describe 2 types of cells in the gas exchange regions

A

squamous lining cells (type I cells or pneumocytes) and secretory cells (Type II cells). Type I cells comprise 95% of alveolar surface area and fuse with capillary endothelium to create a thin membrame for gas transfer. Type II cells 1) repair or replace injured Type I pneumocytes, and 2) secrete surfactant, a substance which lowers alveolar surface tension.

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9
Q

Lungs develop from what embryological structure?

A

lung bud of the gut tube endoderm- an outpouching btw the 4th and 6th brachial arches

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10
Q

Pulmonary circulation develops from what embryological structure?

A

Mesenchyme surrounding the lung bud

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11
Q

What are the stages of development of the lungs

A

Embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, alveolar

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12
Q

Embryonic stage details

A

26 days to 6 weeks: Foregut endoderm extends into surrounding mesenchyme. 3 rounds of branching establish lung lobes. Branching is initially asymmetric

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13
Q

During lung branching, what occurs at branch points and developing buds

A

–At branch points epithelial cell division stopped and collagen produced. At developing buds growth factors produced to induce epithelial mitosis

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14
Q

pseudoglandular stage details

A

6 to 16 weeks: 14 rounds of branching form terminal bronchioles. Cartilage, smooth muscle cells and mucus glands develop from splanchnic mesenchyme

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15
Q

canalicular stage details

A

16 to 28 weeks: Terminal bronchiole divides into 2+ respiratory bronchioles, Surfactant production begins and increases as weeks progress. Initial development of pulmonary capillary bed and fetal “breathing” is detected
16 to 28 weeks: Terminal bronchiole divides into 2+ respiratory bronchioles, Surfactant production begins and increases as weeks progress. Initial development of pulmonary capillary bed and fetal “breathing” is detected

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16
Q

saccular stage details

A

26 to 36 weeks: Respiratory bronchioles subdivide to produce terminal sacs (these continue to develop well into childhood). Epitelial cell differentiation of type I and type II cells is hallmark

17
Q

alveolar stage details

A

36 weeks to early childhood: Lung grows & alveoli mature: Septea thin, Single capillary network in alveolar wall, Gas exchange unit established

18
Q

What embryonic structure do pulmonary arteries come from? Pulmonary veins?

A

arteries: 6th aortic arch. Veins: outgrowths from left atrium

19
Q

Pulmonary contributors to increased work of breathing (dyspnea)

A

increased elastic properties of lung tissue, resistance to airflow in airways, impaired gas exchange