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respiratory system 2 > Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gas Exchange and Transport 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gas Exchange and Transport 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the blood transport between the lungs and tissues?

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

What does blood transport between the tissues and the lungs?

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is the waste product of using oxygen to produce energy?

A

Carbon dioxide

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4
Q

How much oxygen dissolves per litre of blood plasma?

A

3ml

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5
Q

How is the blood carrying capacity of oxygen increased?

A

Presence of haemoglobin

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6
Q

What does haemoglobin increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood to?

A

200ml/L

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7
Q

How is CO2 transported in the plasma?

A

In various forms

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8
Q

What is arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) not the same as?

A

O2 concentration/content

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9
Q

What does PaO2 refer to?

A

O2 in solution

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10
Q

What is PaO2 determined by?

A

O2 solubility and the partial pressure of O2, in the gaseous phase that is driving O2 into solution

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11
Q

How do values of partial pressure of gases in solution compare to the partial pressure in gaseous phase that is driving the gas into solution?

A

They are equal

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12
Q

What is O2 solubility in water?

A

Low

0.03ml/L/mm/Hg

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13
Q

If 3ml of oxygen is present per litre of plasma, what is the partial pressure that is driving O2 into the loquid phase in plasma?

A

100mmHg

This is because solubility of water is 0.03ml/L/mmHg (3/0.03 = 100)

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14
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen also known as?

A

Oxygen tension

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15
Q

How does PO2 in the liquid phase compare to that in the gaseous phase, and to the concentration in the liquid phase?

A

PO2 is the same in the liquid phase as the gas phase

PO2 in the liquid phase is different from the concentration as that varies depending on what phase the gas is in

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16
Q

How many molecules are there of oxygen in 1L of gas compared to 1L of liquid?

A

30x more oxygen molecules

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17
Q

How do you work out the O2 delivery to tissues?

A

Arterial O2 content x Cardiac output

3ml/L x 5L/min = 15ml/min

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18
Q

What percentage of arterial O2 is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest?

A

25%

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19
Q

What does reduced PO2 result in for oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells and plasma?

A

Decreases blood carrying capacity

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20
Q

What is the abbreviation of haemoglobin?

A

Hb

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21
Q

What percentage of oxygen in systemic arterial circulation is bound to haemoglobin?

A

More than 98%

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22
Q

How much oxygen does 1L of systemic arterial blood contain?

A

200ml

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23
Q

How does haemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

Cooperatively binds to 4 molecules of oxygen

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24
Q

How much oxygen binds to each gram of haemoglobin?

A

1.34ml

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25
Q

What form is most haemoglobin in red blood cells in?

A

HbA (92%)

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26
Q

What does a haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

a chain

b chain

Haem group

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27
Q

What are some forms of haemoglobin other than HbA?

A

HbA2 (δ chains replace β)

HbF (γ chains replace β)

Glycosylated Hb (HbA1a, HbA1b, HbA1c)

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28
Q

What is the major determinant for the degree to which haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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29
Q

Why does the partial pressure of oxygen not change as haemoglobin binds to it?

A

It effectively hides it from the plasma, maintaining the partial pressure gradient that continues to suck O2 out of alveoli until Hb becomes saturated

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30
Q

What formula represents Hb binding to oxygen?

A

Hb + O2 ⇔ HbO2

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31
Q

When is saturation of haemoglobin complete?

A

After 0.25 seconds of contact with alveoli

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32
Q

What is the total contact time between haemoglobin and alveoli?

A

0.75 seconds

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33
Q

What is fundamental for how much O2 binds to haemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in plasma

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34
Q

How does the affinity of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) and myoglobin for oxygen compare to HbA?

A

They are higher which is necessary for extracting oxygen from maternal arterial blood

35
Q

What is the normal systemic arterial partial pressure of oxygen?

A

100mmHg

36
Q

How saturated in haemoglobin at a PaO2 of 100mmHg?

A

98%

37
Q

What is normal venous PO2?

A

40mmHg

38
Q

How saturated in haemoglobin at an oxygen partial pressure of40mmHg?

A

75%

39
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is compromised

40
Q

What is any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is compromised called?

A

Anaemia

41
Q

What are some examples of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

Haemorrhage

Vitamin B12 dificiency

42
Q

What factors affect the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?

A

pH

PCO2

Temperature

43
Q

How does pH affect haemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

Decrease in pH decreases affinity

44
Q

How does PCO2 affect haemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

Increase in PCO2 decreases affinity

45
Q

How does temperature affect haemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

Increase in temperature decreases affinity

46
Q

How does an increase in affinity impact collecting and depositing oxygen?

A

Makes collecting easier but depositing harder

47
Q

What can bind to haemoglobin to decrease its affinity for oxygen?

A

2, 3 - diphosphoglycerate (2,3 - DPG)

48
Q

What synthesises 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate (2,3 - DPG)?

A

Erythrocytes

49
Q

When does 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate (2,3 - DPG) increase and why?

A

Situations associated with inadequete oxygen supply (such as heart or lung disease, living at a high altitude) to help maintain oxygen release in tissues

50
Q

Why does carbon monoxide cause problems?

A

It binds to haemoglobin with an affinity 250x greater than oxygen

51
Q

What does carbon monoxide form when it binds to haemoglobin?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin

52
Q

How does carbon monoxide bind and dissociate from haemoglobin (speeds)?

A

Binds quickly and dissociates very slowly

53
Q

What PCO causes progressive carboxyhaemoglobin?

A

0.4mmHg

54
Q

What are symptoms of too much carbon moxoxide?

A

Hypoxia

Anaemia

Nausea

Headaches

Cherry red skin and mucous membranes

Brain damage

Death

55
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching tissues

56
Q

What are the 5 main types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxaemic hypoxia

Anaemic hypoxia

Stagnant hypoxia

Histotoxic hypoxia

Metabolic hypoxia

57
Q

What is hypoxaemic hypoxia?

A

Reduction in oxygen diffusion at lungs either due to decreased PO2atmosphere or tissue pathology

58
Q

What is anaemic hypoxia?

A

Reduction in oxygen carrying of blood due to anaemia, such as red blood cell loss or iron deficiency

59
Q

What is stagnant hypoxia?

A

Heart disease results in inefficient pumping of blood to lungs/around the body

60
Q

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

A

Poisoning prevents cells utilising oxygen delivered to them, such as carbon monoxide or cyanide

61
Q

What is metabolic hypoxia?

A

Oxygen delivery to the tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells

62
Q

What is reduction on oxygen diffusion at lungs either due to decreased PO2atmosphere or tissue pathology called?

A

Hypoxaemic hypoxia

63
Q

What is reduction in oxygen carrying of blood due to anaemia, such as red blood cell loss or iron deficiency called?

A

Anaemic hypoxia

64
Q

What is heart disease resulting in inefficient pumping of blood to lungs/around the body called?

A

Stagnant hypoxia

65
Q

What is poisoning that prevents cells utilising oxygen dlivered to them, such as carbon monoxide or cyanide called?

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

66
Q

What is oxygen delivery to the tissues not meeting increased oxygen demand by cells called?

A

Metabolic hypoxia

67
Q

What kinds of hypoxia is the most common?

A

Hypoxaemic hypoxia

68
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

7% remains dissolved in erythrocytes and plasma

23% combines in the erythrocytes with deoxyhaemoglobin to form carbamino compounds

70% combines in the erythrocytes with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates to yield bicarbonate and H+ ions

69
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood dissolved in plasma and erythrocytes?

A

7%

70
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood combined in the the erythrocytes to deoxyhaemoglobin to form carbamino compounds?

A

23%

71
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines in the erythrocytes with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates to yield bicarbonate and H+ ions?

A

70%

72
Q

What is made when carbonic acid dissociates?

A

Bicarbonate and H+ ions

73
Q

What happens to most of the bicarbonate within red blood cells?

A

Moves out of the cell into the plasma in exchange for Cl- ions and excess H+ ions bind to deoxyhaemoglobin

74
Q

What is bicarbonate leaving erythrocytes for Cl- called?

A

Chloride shift

75
Q

What happens to excess H+ ions after carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and H+ ions?

A

Bind to deoxyhaemoglobin

76
Q

Where does carbon dioxide bond to compounds to be broken down, and where is it built up?

A

Dissolved and made into other substances in systmemic capillaries

Built up from these substances in pulmonary capillary to be diffused into the alveoli lumen

77
Q

Why can carbon dioxide change the ECF pH?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3 + H+

78
Q

Why is normal pH stable althoug carbon dioxide is broken down into H+?

A

All the carbon dioxide produced is eliminated in expired air

79
Q

When would the pH not be stable due to carbon dioxide?

A

During hypo/hyperventilation as it alters plasma PCO2 and plasma [H+] will vary

80
Q

What does hypoventilation do the the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and [H+]?

A

CO2 retention

Increased [H+] bringing about respiratory acidosis

81
Q

What brings about respiratory acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation (retention of carbon dioxide)

82
Q

What does hyperventilation do to the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and [H+]?

A

Blowing of more CO2

Decreased [H+] bringing about respiratory alkalosis

83
Q

What brings about respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation (blowing of more CO2)

respiratory system 2 (37 decks)

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