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respiratory system 2 > introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply > Flashcards

introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

what are some functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • gas exchange
  • acid base balance
  • protection from infection
  • communication via speech
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2
Q

what is the gas exchange that takes place?

A

oxygen added to the blood from the air

carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air

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3
Q

how does speech occur?

A

larynx vibrating and manipulating air

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4
Q

does speech occur on inspiration or expiration?

A

expiration

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5
Q

in basic terms, why do we breathe?

A

we need oxygen for energy, which fuels cells and allows them to perform their functions

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6
Q

what would being unable to breathe oxygen do to us?

A

our cells would die, and then we would die

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7
Q

how can energy be produced without oxygen, and why is this not feasible long term?

A

anaerobic respiration, but this does not produce enough energy

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8
Q

what is produced when oxygen is burned?

A

CO2 as waste

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9
Q

what is external respiration?

A

oxygen going in and out of the body

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10
Q

what is internal/cellular respiration?

A

biochemical process within cells

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11
Q

what vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs and is this oxygenated?

A

pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood

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12
Q

what vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart and is this oxygenated?

A

pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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13
Q

what two systems does external respiration require integration of?

A

respiratory and cardiovascular

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14
Q

what are the exchanges of oxygen present once we intake air?

A
  1. between atmosphere and lung (alveoli)
  2. between lungs and blood
  3. between the blood and cells (transported to cells in the blood)
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15
Q

what are alveoli?

A

regions of the lung that are thin enough to allow gas exchange

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16
Q

what are arteries?

A

vessels that carries blood away from the heart

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17
Q

what are veins?

A

vessels that carries blood towards the heart

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18
Q

what are the two kinds of circulation relevent to the lungs?

A

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

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19
Q

how does pulmonary circulation and systemic cirulation contrast each other?

A

pulmonary delivers CO2 and picks up oxygen

systemic delivers O2 and picks up CO2

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20
Q

what displays the intimate relationship between the respiratory and cardiovasular systems during an increase in energy demand?

A

rate and depth of breathing: increases

  • substrate (oxygen) acquisition
  • waste (carbon dioxide) disposal

♡ rate and force of contraction increases:

  • substrate (oxygen) delivers to muscle via blood
  • waste removal via blood
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21
Q

why can gas exchange only take place in capillaries?

A

walls are thin enough to allow it

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22
Q

where are the 2 places that gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system?

A

lungs (alveoli)

systemic capillaries

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23
Q

what is oxygen and CO2 exchange like in steady state?

A

net volume of oxygen and CO2 exchange in the lung per unit of time is equal to the net exchange at the tissue

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24
Q

what are the average volumes of O2 and CO2 exchanged per minute?

A

250ml of oxygen

200ml of CO2

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25
Q

what are the typical breathing rate of someone at rest and at maximum exercise?

A

12 - 18 breaths/min at rest

40 - 45 breaths/min at maximum exercise

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26
Q

what is A?

A

pharynx

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27
Q

what is B?

A

trachea

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28
Q

what is C?

A

lung

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29
Q

what is D?

A

bronchus

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30
Q

what is E?

A

larynx

31
Q

what is F?

A

epiglottis

32
Q

what is G?

A

nose

33
Q

what systems is the pharynx shared between?

A

digestive and respiratory

34
Q

what is the trachea made up of?

A

stiff rings of cartilage that protect it

35
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

36
Q

what is the larynx also known as?

A

voice box

37
Q

why is the nose prefered for breathing over the mouth?

A

large surface area allows it to be better at warming and moistening the air

38
Q

what is everything in this diagram known as?

A

conducting airways: have thick walls and so no gas exchange takes place, they carry air to where gas exchange can take place

39
Q

how does the structure of the bronchus change as it goes deeper into the lungs?

A

it continues branching until it becomes sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange can take place

40
Q

what are the 2 things the respiratory system can be divided into?

A

upper and lower respiratory system

41
Q

where does the upper respiratory system end?

A

larynx and epiglottis (they are included)

42
Q

where does the lower respiratory system begin?

A

trachea (included)

43
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

large sheet of muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

44
Q

what can the lung be seperated into?

A

lobes

45
Q

how many lobes does the left and right lung have?

A

left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior

right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle and inferior

46
Q

what is each lobe separated by?

A

fissure

47
Q

what are the fissures present in the right lung called?

A

horizontal fissure: separates superior and middle lobes

oblique fissure: separates middle and inferior lobes

48
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by which appears black in images?

A

pleural cavity

49
Q

what does the bronchi separate into

A

primary bronchi, which separates in secondary bronchi that goes into each lobe, which separates in tertiary bronchi that separates into bronchi-pulmonary sections

50
Q

what is different between the right primary bronchi and the left?

A

width and angle

51
Q

wn which primary bronchi do most foreign bodies become lodged and why?

A

right because of the more verticle angle and wider shape

52
Q

what do bronchus become when cartilage stops?

A

bronchiole

53
Q

what is each stage in the branching of airways between the larynx and the alveoli?

A

larynx - trachea - primary bronchus - secondary bronchus - tertiary bronchus - bronchiole - alveoli

54
Q

how many levels of branching is there between the trachea and alveoli?

A

about 23

55
Q

what is patency?

A

airway is patent when it is open

56
Q

what maintains patency in the trachea?

A

cartilage

57
Q

what maintains patency in the bronchioles?

A

physical forces in the thorax

58
Q

in which part of the airway does most resistance occur and why?

A

upper airway, although they are wider than the lower because more air is competing for the space

59
Q

how can airway diameter be altered?

A

contracting bronchial smooth muscle

60
Q

what does altering airway diameter in turn alter?

A

airway resistance

61
Q

what does contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

A

decreases airway diameter and so increases resistance

62
Q

what does relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

A

increases airway diameter and so decreases resistance

63
Q

what is asthma?

A

inappriopriate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

64
Q

what is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

A

elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

65
Q

what are the 2 types of cells that compose alveoli?

A 
type 1 (exchange gas with blood)
type 2 (synthesis surfactant)
66
Q

what do elastic fibres do to alveoli?

A

sits in interstitial space and separates them

67
Q

what ingests foreign material that reaches the alveoli?

A

alveoli macrophages

68
Q

what is surfactant?

A

substance that lowers the tension between two other substances

69
Q

what is the air in upper airways termed as and why?

A

anatomically dead because it cannot participate in gas exchange

70
Q

what does each lung have a capacity of?

A

3L

71
Q

what are some functions of mucous?

A
  • moistens air
  • traps particles
  • provides large surfaces area for cilia to act on
72
Q

what produces mucous?

A

goblet cells

73
Q

what does cilia line and what does it do?

A

trachea where it beats mucous away from the lower respiratory tract

74
Q

what do goblet cells and cilia terminate before, and which terminates first?

A

the level of the bronchia, with goblet cells terminating first

respiratory system 2 (37 decks)

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