introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply

Question 1

what are some functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• gas exchange
• acid base balance
• protection from infection
• communication via speech

Question 2

what is the gas exchange that takes place?

Answer 2

oxygen added to the blood from the air

carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air

Question 3

how does speech occur?

Answer 3

larynx vibrating and manipulating air

Question 4

does speech occur on inspiration or expiration?

Answer 4

expiration

Question 5

in basic terms, why do we breathe?

Answer 5

we need oxygen for energy, which fuels cells and allows them to perform their functions

Question 6

what would being unable to breathe oxygen do to us?

Answer 6

our cells would die, and then we would die

Question 7

how can energy be produced without oxygen, and why is this not feasible long term?

Answer 7

anaerobic respiration, but this does not produce enough energy

Question 8

what is produced when oxygen is burned?

Answer 8

CO_² as waste

Question 9

what is external respiration?

Answer 9

oxygen going in and out of the body

Question 10

what is internal/cellular respiration?

Answer 10

biochemical process within cells

Question 11

what vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs and is this oxygenated?

Answer 11

pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood

Question 12

what vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart and is this oxygenated?

Answer 12

pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 13

what two systems does external respiration require integration of?

Answer 13

respiratory and cardiovascular

Question 14

what are the exchanges of oxygen present once we intake air?

Answer 14

1. between atmosphere and lung (alveoli)
2. between lungs and blood
3. between the blood and cells (transported to cells in the blood)

Question 15

what are alveoli?

Answer 15

regions of the lung that are thin enough to allow gas exchange

Question 16

what are arteries?

Answer 16

vessels that carries blood away from the heart

Question 17

what are veins?

Answer 17

vessels that carries blood towards the heart

Question 18

what are the two kinds of circulation relevent to the lungs?

Answer 18

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

Question 19

how does pulmonary circulation and systemic cirulation contrast each other?

Answer 19

pulmonary delivers CO₂ and picks up oxygen

systemic delivers O₂ and picks up CO₂

Question 20

what displays the intimate relationship between the respiratory and cardiovasular systems during an increase in energy demand?

Answer 20

rate and depth of breathing: increases

• substrate (oxygen) acquisition
• waste (carbon dioxide) disposal

♡ rate and force of contraction increases:

• substrate (oxygen) delivers to muscle via blood
• waste removal via blood

Question 21

why can gas exchange only take place in capillaries?

Answer 21

walls are thin enough to allow it

Question 22

where are the 2 places that gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system?

Answer 22

lungs (alveoli)

systemic capillaries

Question 23

what is oxygen and CO₂ exchange like in steady state?

Answer 23

net volume of oxygen and CO₂ exchange in the lung per unit of time is equal to the net exchange at the tissue

Question 24

what are the average volumes of O₂ and CO₂ exchanged per minute?

Answer 24

250ml of oxygen

200ml of CO₂

Question 25

what are the typical breathing rate of someone at rest and at maximum exercise?

Answer 25

12 - 18 breaths/min at rest 40 - 45 breaths/min at maximum exercise

Question 26

what is A?

Answer 26

pharynx

Question 27

what is B?

Answer 27

trachea

Question 28

what is C?

Answer 28

lung

Question 29

what is D?

Answer 29

bronchus

Question 30

what is E?

Answer 30

larynx

Question 31

what is F?

Answer 31

epiglottis

Question 32

what is G?

Answer 32

nose

Question 33

what systems is the pharynx shared between?

Answer 33

digestive and respiratory

Question 34

what is the trachea made up of?

Answer 34

stiff rings of cartilage that protect it

Question 35

what does the epiglottis do?

Answer 35

folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

Question 36

what is the larynx also known as?

Answer 36

voice box

Question 37

why is the nose prefered for breathing over the mouth?

Answer 37

large surface area allows it to be better at warming and moistening the air

Question 38

what is everything in this diagram known as?

Answer 38

conducting airways: have thick walls and so no gas exchange takes place, they carry air to where gas exchange can take place

Question 39

how does the structure of the bronchus change as it goes deeper into the lungs?

Answer 39

it continues branching until it becomes sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange can take place

Question 40

what are the 2 things the respiratory system can be divided into?

Answer 40

upper and lower respiratory system

Question 41

where does the upper respiratory system end?

Answer 41

larynx and epiglottis (they are included)

Question 42

where does the lower respiratory system begin?

Answer 42

trachea (included)

Question 43

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 43

large sheet of muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Question 44

what can the lung be seperated into?

Answer 44

lobes

Question 45

how many lobes does the left and right lung have?

Answer 45

left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle and inferior

Question 46

what is each lobe separated by?

Answer 46

fissure

Question 47

what are the fissures present in the right lung called?

Answer 47

horizontal fissure: separates superior and middle lobes oblique fissure: separates middle and inferior lobes

Question 48

what are the lungs surrounded by which appears black in images?

Answer 48

pleural cavity

Question 49

what does the bronchi separate into

Answer 49

primary bronchi, which separates in secondary bronchi that goes into each lobe, which separates in tertiary bronchi that separates into bronchi-pulmonary sections

Question 50

what is different between the right primary bronchi and the left?

Answer 50

width and angle

Question 51

wn which primary bronchi do most foreign bodies become lodged and why?

Answer 51

right because of the more verticle angle and wider shape

Question 52

what do bronchus become when cartilage stops?

Answer 52

bronchiole

Question 53

what is each stage in the branching of airways between the larynx and the alveoli?

Answer 53

larynx - trachea - primary bronchus - secondary bronchus - tertiary bronchus - bronchiole - alveoli

Question 54

how many levels of branching is there between the trachea and alveoli?

Answer 54

about 23

Question 55

what is patency?

Answer 55

airway is patent when it is open

Question 56

what maintains patency in the trachea?

Answer 56

cartilage

Question 57

what maintains patency in the bronchioles?

Answer 57

physical forces in the thorax

Question 58

in which part of the airway does most resistance occur and why?

Answer 58

upper airway, although they are wider than the lower because more air is competing for the space

Question 59

how can airway diameter be altered?

Answer 59

contracting bronchial smooth muscle

Question 60

what does altering airway diameter in turn alter?

Answer 60

airway resistance

Question 61

what does contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

Answer 61

decreases airway diameter and so increases resistance

Question 62

what does relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

Answer 62

increases airway diameter and so decreases resistance

Question 63

what is asthma?

Answer 63

inappriopriate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 64

what is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 64

elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

Question 65

what are the 2 types of cells that compose alveoli?

Answer 65

``` type 1 (exchange gas with blood) type 2 (synthesis surfactant) ```

Question 66

what do elastic fibres do to alveoli?

Answer 66

sits in interstitial space and separates them

Question 67

what ingests foreign material that reaches the alveoli?

Answer 67

alveoli macrophages

Question 68

what is surfactant?

Answer 68

substance that lowers the tension between two other substances

Question 69

what is the air in upper airways termed as and why?

Answer 69

anatomically dead because it cannot participate in gas exchange

Question 70

what does each lung have a capacity of?

Answer 70

3L

Question 71

what are some functions of mucous?

Answer 71

* moistens air * traps particles * provides large surfaces area for cilia to act on

Question 72

what produces mucous?

Answer 72

goblet cells

Question 73

what does cilia line and what does it do?

Answer 73

trachea where it beats mucous away from the lower respiratory tract

Question 74

what do goblet cells and cilia terminate before, and which terminates first?

Answer 74

the level of the bronchia, with goblet cells terminating first