Pulmonary and chest wall symptoms Flashcards
The treatment of pleurisy depends on the cause of the inflammation. Determine the right match between etiology and treatment.
Tuberculosis: Cedes spontaneously
Lung cancer: Cedes spontaneously
Bacterial infection: Antibiotics
Viral infection: Antibiotics
Bacterial infection: Antibiotics
In all patients with hemoptysis, a diagnostic strategy must be put in place to identify the cause and location of the bleeding. Initial tests should always be performed. Determine the complementary examination to evaluate hemoptysis.
Emergency echocardiography at the patient’s bedside is an acceptable alternative, if the patient’s clinical condition is critical.
Patients with moderate or high clinical probability should undergo a venous color duplex Doppler ultrasound of the entire limb to exclude or confirm the cause.
Methods for determining the D-dimer of moderate sensitivity are sufficient to make such a decision in patients.
A hemogram can guide the importance of bleeding according to hemoglobin and hematocrit. It is rare for hemoptysis to cause acute anemia; however, a chronic microcytic anemia may be a useful finding in the diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage. The white blood cell count helps the etiological diagnosis of a possible infectious cause or a malignant hematological disease.
A hemogram can guide the importance of bleeding according to hemoglobin and hematocrit. It is rare for hemoptysis to cause acute anemia; however, a chronic microcytic anemia may be a useful finding in the diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage. The white blood cell count helps the etiological diagnosis of a possible infectious cause or a malignant hematological disease.
To a lesser extent, some cardiovascular diseases may manifest with hemoptysis. Identify the cardiovascular disease that can cause hemoptysis.
Primary pulmonary hypertension
Heart attack
Stroke
Tetralogy of fallot
Primary pulmonary hypertension
A pleural effusion is a frequent finding related to various diseases in the elderly. Determine a correct clinical finding in a patient with pleural effusion.
Regardless the size, a pleural effusion will not affect cardiac function.
In elderly patients, functional deterioration can be present.
The presence of fever discards its inflammatory origin.
The syndrome in less is constituted by dullness, abolished respiratory sounds, and increased vibrations.
In elderly patients, functional deterioration can be present.
When pleurisy occurs, the normally smooth pulmonary lining (pleura) becomes rough. Friction occurs with each breath, and a squeaky, squeaky sound called rubbing can ensue. Determine the true statement about the clinical manifestations of pleurisy.
The first action in the study of a patient who refers to pleural pain is to make sure that that the blood comes from the subglottic respiratory tract and not from supraglottic regions, such as the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, or digestive tract.
Breathing deeply, coughing, and chest movements make the pain worse.
To establish the differential diagnosis with hematemesis, the previous existence of liver diseases, gastroduodenal ulcus, or gartroesophageal reflux should be assessed and if the bleeding is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
It must be taken into account that an epistaxis or gingivorrhagia that occurred during the night can manifest itself the next morning as a bloody expectoration without being so pronounced.
Breathing deeply, coughing, and chest movements make the pain worse.
Tuberculous pleuritis is a pleural effusion and pleuritis secondary to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Determine the true statement.
It is considered a hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculous protein.
The liquid has transudate characteristics.
Ziehl staining of pleural fluid shows acid-alcohol resistant bacilli in more than half of the cases.
The presence of mesothelial cells in large numbers is characteristic of tuberculous pleural effusion.
It is considered a hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculous protein.
A transudate pleural effusion is caused by the liquid that leaks due to high blood pressure. In these cases, the pleurae are healthy. With respect to the pleural effusion that constitutes a transudate, identify the correct option.
A pleural effusion is a medical emergency.
Portal hypertension is the most frequent cause.
Heart failure is the most frequent cause.
Nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent cause.
Heart failure is the most frequent cause.
The effects of aging on the respiratory system are similar to those that occur in other organs—maximum functionality is gradually lost. Determine an age-related change in the lungs that is not included.
Decrease in maximum airflow and gas exchange
Weakened respiratory muscles
More selective immune response
Decreased effectiveness of lung defense mechanisms
More selective immune response
Evaluate the following statements about pleurisy, and determine the most accurate option.
Pleurisy will never be associated with pneumonia or tuberculosis.
Pleurisy is never concomitant with fever and chills.
Pleurisy is caused by the scarring of the inner lungs.
Pleurisy involves the inflammation of the pleuras, which can either be dry (fibrinous) or exudative (serous or serofibrinous, purulent, chylous, or hemorrhagic). Dry pleurisy is characterized by an intense hemithoracic stab and a dry, irritating cough that exacerbates pain.
Pleurisy involves the inflammation of the pleuras, which can either be dry (fibrinous) or exudative (serous or serofibrinous, purulent, chylous, or hemorrhagic). Dry pleurisy is characterized by an intense hemithoracic stab and a dry, irritating cough that exacerbates pain.
The causes of the accumulation of fluid in the pleura can be variable. Determine what is true with respect to the etiology of pleural effusions.
Empyema is confirmed by the presence of pus or bacteria in the pleural fluid.
Cancer is not a cause of pleural effusions.
Parapneumonic effusion is characteristically transudate.
The most frequent cause of exudate is heart failure.
Empyema is confirmed by the presence of pus or bacteria in the pleural fluid.
Pleurisy can develop when a person has pulmonary inflammation due to infections such as pneumonia or tuberculosis. Determine another cause of pleurisy.
Neurological conditions
Certain cancers
Sexually transmitted diseases
Cardiac problems
Certain cancers
Tuberculous pleuritis is a pleural effusion and pleuritis secondary to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Determine the false statement regarding this condition.
It is considered a hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculous protein.
The treatment is different from the standard treatment for tuberculosis.
Sometimes, the diagnosis is made with the demonstration of granulomas in the pleura.
It is the most common cause of pleural exudate in many parts of the world.
The treatment is different from the standard treatment for tuberculosis.
A transudate pleural effusion is caused by the liquid that leaks due to high blood pressure. In these cases, the pleurae are healthy. With respect to the pleural effusion that constitutes a transudate, identify the correct option.
Hypoalbuminemia is always present.
The transudate is usually caused mostly by heart failure and, to a lesser extent, by liver cirrhosis.
Nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent cause.
A pleural effusion is a medical emergency.
The transudate is usually caused mostly by heart failure and, to a lesser extent, by liver cirrhosis.
The causes of the accumulation of fluid in the pleura can be variable. Determine what is true with respect to the etiology of pleural effusions.
The most common causes of pleural effusions include malignancies and pulmonary embolism.
Cancer is not a cause of pleural effusions.
Pulmonary thromboembolism is not a cause of pleural effusions.
The most frequent cause of exudate is heart failure.
The most common causes of pleural effusions include malignancies and pulmonary embolism.
When pleurisy occurs, the normally smooth pulmonary lining (pleura) becomes rough. Friction occurs with each breath, and a squeaky, squeaky sound called rubbing can ensue. Determine the true statement about the clinical manifestations of pleurisy.
It must be taken into account that an epistaxis or gingivorrhagia that occurred during the night can manifest itself the next morning as a bloody expectoration without being so pronounced.
Pleurisy can cause fluids to accumulate inside the chest cavity, which can make breathing difficult and cause difficulty in breathing and rapid breathing (tachypnea).
Before any chest pain, an examination of the oral cavity and nasal passages should be performed and, in addition, if possible, an ENT examination, to rule out a supraglottic origin of the pain.
The first action in the study of a patient who refers to pleural pain is to make sure that that the blood comes from the subglottic respiratory tract and not from supraglottic regions, such as the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, or digestive tract.
Pleurisy can cause fluids to accumulate inside the chest cavity, which can make breathing difficult and cause difficulty in breathing and rapid breathing (tachypnea).
