Inflammatory and other lung diseases. Flashcards
Analyze the following statements, and select the correct one about latent tuberculosis infection.
People with latent tuberculosis infection have very few symptoms, feel bad sometimes, and cannot transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other people.
People with latent tuberculosis infection do not have any symptoms, do not feel bad, and cannot transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other people.
Bacteria become inactive for 1 month, and then they are activated later during winter season. This is called latent tuberculosis infection.
In few people, latent tuberculosis infection will never become tuberculosis disease. In these people, tuberculosis bacteria remain inactive for 1 month without causing disease.
People with latent tuberculosis infection do not have any symptoms, do not feel bad, and cannot transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other people.
There are different reasons that pneumothorax can occur. Select the most common etiological factor.
May be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or fungi and less frequently by other causes
Small vesicles of the pleura surrounding the lung that can break without obvious cause
Often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes
Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk for pneumothorax.
Small vesicles of the pleura surrounding the lung that can break without obvious cause
Determine the side effects of medications for TB disease that are considered serious.
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Tingling sensation in the fingers, toes, or around the mouth; lower chest pain; and heartburn
Sun sensitivity
Tingling sensation in the fingers, toes, or around the mouth; lower chest pain; and heartburn
A simple chest X-ray is taken of a man with dyspnea as the most important clinical symptom, and diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates are seen. After analyzing the clinical case, determine the disease that does not usually produce this radiological pattern.
Bilateral pneumonia
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Pulmonary aspiration
TB
TB
Determine the action that occurs for the bacilli to form the tubercle in the pathological process of tuberculosis.
Phagocytosis by lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells are called in action by apoptotic and infected macrophages.
Phagocytosis by neutrophils and eosinophils
Macrophages release tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
Cytotoxic T cells are called in action by apoptotic and infected macrophages.
As the primary provider of a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis, what would you say about how tuberculosis disease is treated?
The most common medications for the treatment of tuberculosis are isoniazid (INH), rifampin or rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
In few cases of people who have tuberculosis disease, it can be treated and cured with medication. However, medications should be taken exactly as directed by the health provider.
The combination of several medications will not contribute to the elimination of bacteria and will make them to become drug-resistant.
If you have tuberculosis disease, you will need to take just one medication for a long period. This is because you have to destroy many bacteria.
The most common medications for the treatment of tuberculosis are isoniazid (INH), rifampin or rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Analyze the following statements, and select the most accurate consideration about lung cancer in the elderly.
The incidence in women has decreased in recent years due to the change in smoking habits compared to the last 20 years.
The older a person is, the greater the risk of suffering from cancer.
The quantity of cigarettes that are smoked and the years of consumption do not have a decisive influence on the increase in risk.
To confirm the suspicion of lung cancer, imaging tests—such as PET, bone scintigraphy, or brain magnetic resonance imaging—are required.
The older a person is, the greater the risk of suffering from cancer.
Recommend when a patient should get tested for tuberculosis.
If the patient works for an airline
If the patient is from a country where tuberculosis disease is very common (e.g., most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia)
Every old man who enters a center for the elderly
If the patient works in commercial stores that serve the public
If the patient is from a country where tuberculosis disease is very common (e.g., most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia)
Determine the action that occurs for the bacilli to form the tubercle in the pathological process of tuberculosis.
Cytotoxic T cells are activated by macrophages that are infected and programed to self-destruct.
Immunoglobulin G is formed to initiate the complement cascade.
Macrophages release tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
Phagocytosis by neutrophils and eosinophils
Cytotoxic T cells are activated by macrophages that are infected and programed to self-destruct.
Establish a symptom that is related to tuberculosis (TB).
Severe dyspnea
Loss of appetite and fever
Wheezing
Leukocytosis
Loss of appetite and fever
There are different reasons that pneumothorax can occur. Select the most common etiological factor.
Small vesicles of the pleura surrounding the lung that can break without obvious cause
May be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or fungi and less frequently by other causes
Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk for pneumothorax.
Can occur after an abdominal injury in people of any age
Small vesicles of the pleura surrounding the lung that can break without obvious cause
Determine the side effects of medications for TB disease that are considered serious.
Diarrhea
Sun sensitivity
Fever for 3 or more days and abdominal pain
Makes birth control pills and implants less effective
Fever for 3 or more days and abdominal pain
Determine the unique respiratory infection that is caused by a resilient bacterial organism that can remain dormant in the body.
Pneumonia
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Pulmonary aspiration
COPD
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Propose an accurate statement about Mycobacterium tuberculosis regarding the bacilli’s ability to go into dormancy.
An attack by lymphocytes brings the bacilli out of their dormant state.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisis capable of dormancy but only for a short period.
Neutrophils and macrophages all play a role in the bacilli’s dormancy.
The bacilli infiltrate the lungs to allow for dormancy.
Neutrophils and macrophages all play a role in the bacilli’s dormancy.
Analyze the following statements, and select the correct one about latent tuberculosis infection.
Bacteria become inactive, but they are still alive in the body and can be activated later. This is called latent tuberculosis infection.
People with latent tuberculosis infection have very few symptoms, feel bad sometimes, and cannot transmit tuberculosis bacteria to other people.
People with latent tuberculosis infection never have a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test or a positive blood test result.
Bacteria become inactive for 1 month, and then they are activated later during winter season. This is called latent tuberculosis infection.
Bacteria become inactive, but they are still alive in the body and can be activated later. This is called latent tuberculosis infection.
