Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pulm > Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrae

A

Provide stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ribs

A

Protect thoracic organs

Provide dynamic bone lever system for ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ribs 1-7

A

True ribs

Most stable

Directly attach to sternum via costocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ribs 8-10

A

False ribs

Insert to the sternum through the costal cartilage of rib 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ribs 11-12

A

Floating ribs

Do not articulate with the sternum

Designed for mobility at the expense of stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sternum

A

Provides mobility

Manubrium - articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2

Body - ribs 3-7

Xiphoid - most inferior portion (hyaline cartilage); fully ossifies by age 40

Sternal angle - horizontal ridge at level of 2nd rib, level of the carina (T5)
-Allows pump handle motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pump handle

A

Anterior and superior motion of the sternum and upper rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bucket handle

A

Lateral and superior motion of the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chest mobility increases as you move…

A

Inferiorly and anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chest mobility decreases as you move…

A

Superiorly and posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sequence of normal breathing

A
  1. Diaphragm rise
  2. Lateral costal expansion of lower chest
  3. Gentle rise of upper chest superiorly and anteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mm of larynx and pharynx

A

Act as valves that help regulate airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diaphragm

A

Primary mm of inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

External intercostals

A

Elevate ribs and increase thoracic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Lower the ribs and decrease thoracic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simultaneous intercostal contraction

A

Elevates the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Quiet breathing exhalation

A

Passive recoil of lungs and ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Forceful exhalation

A

Use abdominal mm to depress lower ribs and compress abdominal contents to push against the diaphragm and help to actively exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diaphragm resting

A

Supine - rests higher, has a larger excursion

Sitting and standing - rest lower

Side lying - dependent side of diaphragm has larger inspiratory excursion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Breathing INN

A

Phrenic nerve

C 3 4 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Abdominal mm

A

Stabilize rib cage and provide visceral support

Provide positive pressure for diaphragm

Provide increased intrathoracic pressure for effective cough, BM, venous return, etc

INN T6-L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Paradoxical breathing pattern

A

Complete opposite of the way the diaphragm is supposed to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CONCENTRIC diaphragm cx

A

Quiet, forceful inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ECCENTRIC diaphragm cx

A

Controlled exhalation or speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Intercostal fx
Stabilize rib cage during inhalation and prevent chest wall from moving inward toward the negative pressure INN T1 - T12
26
Erector spinae fx
Stabilize thorax posteriorly
27
Pectoralis fx
Can stabilize the ribs Used in reverse, can assist with ant and lat chest wall expansion Forced exhalation when chest moves into flexion
28
SA fx
Only insp mm paired with trunk flexion Post expansion with fixed UE
29
SCM fx
Superior and anterior expansion
30
Trapezius fx
Superior expansion LEAST energy efficient accessory mm
31
Newborn breathing
Triangle shape Diaphragmatic breathers No functional accessory mm No pulmonary reserves Stability more important than mobility in newborn thorax Ribs horizontally aligned Not a lot of neck presentation Respiration > 40 (high) Low tidal volume
32
3-6 mo breathing
Rectangular-shaped chest Mostly diaphragmatic with some upper chest movement You will see a bigger breath going in and a slowing down of respiration rate
33
6-12 mo breathing
MOST SIGNIFICANT STAGE OF NORMAL CHEST DEVELOPMENT Elliptical and rectangular shape All mm now available
34
Intra-abdominal pressure
Always reported as positive Fluctuates with breathing Increases with inhalation Decreases with exhalation
35
Intrathoracic pressure
Lower to draw air in inhalation and higher with exhalation
36
As we age...
Decreased lung compliance Decreased chest wall compliance Lung volumes and expiratory flow rates decrease
37
Upper airways
Nasal and oral orifices to the false vocal cords in the larynx Conducting airways filter warm, conduct air to the respiratory units ``` Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx ```
38
Pharynx
Shared thoroughfare for digestive and respiratory system
39
Larynx
Prevents food and other things from entering airways
40
Lower airways
True vocal folds to the alveoli Conducting airways function to filter, warm, and conduct the air to the respiratory units
41
Respiratory units...
where gas exchange occurs
42
Trachea
12 cm long Carina - where it divides into R and L main stem bronchi Cartilaginous rings R main stem bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than L ***More prone to aspirate to R side than L
43
Resp unit organs
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
44
Terminal respiratory units
Where gas exchange occurs Alv ducts and sacs Alv epithelium Alv capillary septum (membrane) - where O2 gets from lung to capillary
45
Coughing only gets us to...
7th generation
46
Alveolus
Cup-shaped out pouching lined by simple squamous epithelium and supported by a thin elastic membrane
47
Alveolar sac
2+ alveoli that share a common opening
48
Type I Alveolar Cells
Simple squamous Form a continuous lining of the wall MAIN SITE FOR GAS EXCHANGE Macrophages - phagocytes that help remove dust particles and other debris
49
Type II Alveolar Cells
Septal cells Secrete alveolar fluid, which includes SURFACTANT
50
Cilia
Helps move secretions Needs ATP and appropriate ionic conditions of Ca++ and Magnesium
51
Parenchyma
Spongy, porous material that the lungs are made of
52
Apex of lung
About 1 in about clavicle
53
Hilus/hilum
``` Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Bronchial arteries and veins Pulmonary nerve plexus Lymph vessels ```
54
Purposes of thorax
Attachment for mm of ventilation | Houses lungs and mediastinum
55
Lung blood supply
L and R bronchial arteries and veins
56
Lung INN
Lungs, trachea, bronchi INN by SNS and PNS
57
L lung 10% smaller than R lung...
Cardiac notch
58
Oblique fissures
Upper and middle lobe from Lower lobe
59
Horizontal fissure
R lung only Separates upper lob and middle lobe
60
Right lung
3 lobes RUL RML RLL
61
Left lung
2 lobes LUL LLL Lingula (incorporated into LUL)
62
Lobules
Contain lymph vessel, arteriole, venule, and branch from a terminal bronchiole
63
Pleurae
Membranous serous sac covers each lung Visceral and parietal Somatosensory nn hit this so if you hit a parietal pleura, you could feel this pain in the thoracic or abdominal walls or neck and shoulders
64
Pleural space
Potential space
65
Pleuritis
Inflammation of membranes Build up of fluid possible
66
Thoracocentesis
Tx - around 7th IC space and suck the fluid out
67
SURFACTANT
Week 28
68
Ventilation
Movement of gas to and from the alveoli
69
Diffusion
Passage of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar membrane
70
Perfusion
Transport dissolved and bound gases to/from lungs and cells in blood
71
Respiration
O2 consumption at cell level and production of CO2 in use of metabolic substrates
72
O2 transport
Delivery of fully oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues, cellular uptake of O2, use of O2 in tissues, and return of desaturated blood to the lungs
73
DO2
Oxygen delivery
74
VO2
Oxygen consumption
75
OER
Oxygen Extraction Ratio VO2/DO2 @ rest, we extract 23%
76
Steps in O2 Transport Pathway
1. Inspired O2 and quality of ambient air 2. Airways 3. Lungs and chest wall 4. Diffusion 5. Perfusion
77
Upper respiratory tissue type
More cartilage
78
Lower respiratory tissue type
More smooth mm and cilia
79
75% inspiration
Caused by contraction of diaphragm and intercostals
80
Pulmonary circulation
Delivery of DEoxygenated blood and return of oxygenated blood to the heart
81
Bronchial circulation
Bronchial arteries from the aorta deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs Accounts for 1-2% of CO
82
Pulmonary veins drain from...
Capillaries
83
Anatomic Dead Space
Does not participate in gas exchange
84
Respiratory membrane
0.5 micrometers thick | Allows for rapid gas diffusion
85
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture
86
Poor ventilation
Shunt
87
Poor perfusion
Physiologic dead space
88
Factors Affecting O2 Concentration in the Blood
Decreased hemoglobin concentration Inadequate alveolar ventilation Decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane when diffusion distance increases the pulmonary membrane changes V/Q mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses
89
Medullary rhythmicity
Inhale:exhale 2:3 Inspiratory neurons Expiratory neurons
90
Pneumotaxic area in the pons
Maintains normal pattern of respiration Inhibitory impulse shortens inhalation, increases RR
91
Apneustic area in the pons
Impulses activate/prolong inspiration
92
Hering-Breuer reflex
When smooth mm receptors are stretched too much, it sends message to brain to prevent over expansion of lung Not involved in normal breathing Labored breathing from exercise
93
How does baby learn to breathe?
Ventilation is initiated quickly due to hypoxia and hypercapnia Once placenta is disturbed during delivery, chemoreceptors in baby's brain make them take a breath
94
Avg lung can hold...
6 L of air
95
Surface tension
Surfactant lowers wall tension in relation to size to maintain proper wall tension so alveoli do not collapse
96
If lung collapses...
Your chest can expand more
97
CO2 transport
Dissolved in plasma Bound to proteins Bicarbonate

Pulm (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions