Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards
What is the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
What is the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
What consists of the conducting zones and whats its purpose?
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi –> humidify, filter, warms air
T or F: conducting zones have gas exchange capacity
F
What consists of the respiratory zone and what’s its purpose?
respiratory bronchioles, aveoli, alveolar ducts –> gas exchange
Which cells secrete mucous?
goblet cells in bronchial walls
What are the cells called that line the alveoli?
pneumocytes
What are the most common pneumocytes and what are their function?
Type 1 –> thin to maximize gas exchange
Which cells produce surfactant and can proliferate?
Type 2
T or F: Type 2 cells are key for regeneration
T
Where are Clara cells found?
Terminal bronchiols
What’s the function of clara cells?
Produce a different type of surfactant
Proliferates in response to toxins
What is atelectasis?
collapse of alveoli
What is the role of surfactant?
Prevents collapse of alveoli (esp at exhalation)
How to calculate the pressure required to keep alveoli open?
distending pressure = 2* Surface TEnsion/ radius
surfactant reduces surface tension
What makes up surfactant?
lecithin
When do lungs mature?
When there is enough surfactant
What happens during 35 week?
Lungs mature and the lecithin-spingomyelin ratio becomes equal (above 2 means maturity reached)
What is given to preterm babies to maturate lungs?
betamethasone –> stimulates surfactant production
What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
a hyaline membrane disease which results to atelectasis, severe hypoxemia, increased CO2
What are some risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
- prematurity
- maternal diabetes (high insulin decreases surfactant production)
- cesarean delivery: lack of vaginal compression means less fetal cortisol produced (cortisol stimulates surfactant production)
What are complications of NRDS?
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- patent ductus arteriosus (hypoxia keeps shunt open)
- retinopathy due to increase oxyden radicals that promote neovascularization –> severe cases can lead to retinal detachment (blindness)
Which lung has three lobes?
Right lung
Which side of the lung is more prone to aspiration and why?
Right lung because the bronchus is wider and has less of an angle (more vertical path)
If an individual is supine and aspirates, where would the object end up?
- Right lung - upper lobe: posterior segment
- Right lung - inferior (lower) lobe: superior segment
What are the three openings in the diaphragm?
- caval foramen - IVC (T8)
- esophageal hiatus (T10)
- Aortic hiatus (T12) - aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
Diaphragm is innervated by which nerve?
Phrenic nerve originating C3, C4, C5
Where does the referred pain go as a result of diaphragm irritation?
referred “shoulder pain”
What can cause diaphragm irritation?
GALL BLADDER DISEASE
Lower lung masses
What can diaphragm irritation result to?
Dyspnea and hiccups
What is paradoxical movement?
When one side of the diaphragm moved up with inspiration (should move down) due to the phrenic nerve being damage via surgery
What muscles are required for passive respiration?
Diaphragm
What muscles are recruited for active breathing?
Inspiration:
- scalene muscles
- sternocleidomastoid (raise sternum)
Exhalation:
- rectus abdominis muscle
- internal/external obliques
- traverse abdominis
- internal intercostals
T or F: in respiratory distress accessory muscle are recruited for breathing
T
