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Pulmonary > Pulmonary Anatomy > Flashcards

Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

What consists of the conducting zones and whats its purpose?

A

nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi –> humidify, filter, warms air

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4
Q

T or F: conducting zones have gas exchange capacity

A

F

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5
Q

What consists of the respiratory zone and what’s its purpose?

A

respiratory bronchioles, aveoli, alveolar ducts –> gas exchange

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6
Q

Which cells secrete mucous?

A

goblet cells in bronchial walls

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7
Q

What are the cells called that line the alveoli?

A

pneumocytes

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8
Q

What are the most common pneumocytes and what are their function?

A

Type 1 –> thin to maximize gas exchange

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9
Q

Which cells produce surfactant and can proliferate?

A

Type 2

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10
Q

T or F: Type 2 cells are key for regeneration

A

T

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11
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

Terminal bronchiols

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12
Q

What’s the function of clara cells?

A

Produce a different type of surfactant

Proliferates in response to toxins

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13
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

collapse of alveoli

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14
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

Prevents collapse of alveoli (esp at exhalation)

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15
Q

How to calculate the pressure required to keep alveoli open?

A

distending pressure = 2* Surface TEnsion/ radius

surfactant reduces surface tension

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16
Q

What makes up surfactant?

A

lecithin

17
Q

When do lungs mature?

A

When there is enough surfactant

18
Q

What happens during 35 week?

A

Lungs mature and the lecithin-spingomyelin ratio becomes equal (above 2 means maturity reached)

19
Q

What is given to preterm babies to maturate lungs?

A

betamethasone –> stimulates surfactant production

20
Q

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

a hyaline membrane disease which results to atelectasis, severe hypoxemia, increased CO2

21
Q

What are some risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • prematurity
  • maternal diabetes (high insulin decreases surfactant production)
  • cesarean delivery: lack of vaginal compression means less fetal cortisol produced (cortisol stimulates surfactant production)
22
Q

What are complications of NRDS?

A
  • bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • patent ductus arteriosus (hypoxia keeps shunt open)
  • retinopathy due to increase oxyden radicals that promote neovascularization –> severe cases can lead to retinal detachment (blindness)
23
Q

Which lung has three lobes?

A

Right lung

24
Q

Which side of the lung is more prone to aspiration and why?

A

Right lung because the bronchus is wider and has less of an angle (more vertical path)

25
Q

If an individual is supine and aspirates, where would the object end up?

A
  • Right lung - upper lobe: posterior segment

- Right lung - inferior (lower) lobe: superior segment

26
Q

What are the three openings in the diaphragm?

A
  1. caval foramen - IVC (T8)
  2. esophageal hiatus (T10)
  3. Aortic hiatus (T12) - aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
27
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by which nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve originating C3, C4, C5

28
Q

Where does the referred pain go as a result of diaphragm irritation?

A

referred “shoulder pain”

29
Q

What can cause diaphragm irritation?

A

GALL BLADDER DISEASE

Lower lung masses

30
Q

What can diaphragm irritation result to?

A

Dyspnea and hiccups

31
Q

What is paradoxical movement?

A

When one side of the diaphragm moved up with inspiration (should move down) due to the phrenic nerve being damage via surgery

32
Q

What muscles are required for passive respiration?

A

Diaphragm

33
Q

What muscles are recruited for active breathing?

A

Inspiration:

  • scalene muscles
  • sternocleidomastoid (raise sternum)

Exhalation:

  • rectus abdominis muscle
  • internal/external obliques
  • traverse abdominis
  • internal intercostals
34
Q

T or F: in respiratory distress accessory muscle are recruited for breathing

A

T

Pulmonary (25 decks)

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