Physical Exam Flashcards
T or F: resonance in percussion is abnormal
False: normal
–> dull or hyperresonant sounds
What does a dull resonance sound mean?
Pleural effusion
Consolidation (pneumonia) [Pulmonary edema]
What does a hyper resonance sound mean?
Air trapped
–> pneumothorax, emphysema
What are the characteristic of normal breath sounds?
vesicular
T or F: a decreased breath sound over a location usually means the pathology is also located there
T
What are some adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds?
rales wheezes rhonchi bronchiol breath sounds stridor
What is another word for rales?
crackles
How does the crackle sound occur?
Small airways pop open after collapse
When do crackles usually occur?
Early inspiratory, late inspiratory, expiratory [intrathoracic]
What are common causes of rales?
pulmonary edema (at the base of the lung due to gravity) pneumonia at affected lobe interstitial fibrosis (due to stickyness)
what causes wheezes?
air passing through narrowed bronchi
when do wheezes usually happen?
usually expiratory but can be both inspiratory and expiratory
common causes of wheezes?
asthma chronic bronchitis (less common), tumour obstructing (localized wheeze)
What causes rhonchi?
secretions in large airways
common in?
COPD
What is the characteristic of a rhonchi?
coarse breath sound
what are bronchial breath sounds?
high-pitched
T or F: individual with bronchial sounds have a longer expiratory phase
T
Bronchial breath sounds are seen in what patients?
Pneumonia with consolidation
What is stridor?
A wheeze that is primarily INSPIRATORY but EXTRATHORACIC (contrary to crackles/rales)
Where is the stridor more prominent?
neck
What does stridor indicate?
partial obstruction of larynx or trachea
What are some causes of stridor
Laryngotracheatis
Epiglottitis
Retropharyngeal Abscess
Diphteria
What is pectoriloquy?
sounds over the chest when patient is speaking (usually it should be muted and unclear) -> in this case it is loud and clear
