pulmonary anatomy

Question 1

what is included in the upper resp tract?

Answer 1

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 2

what is included in the lower res tract?

Answer 2

trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

Question 3

what zones is the rest tract split into?

Answer 3

conducting zone and respiratory zone

Question 4

what is the conducting zone?

Answer 4

Question 5

what is the respiratory zone?

Answer 5

Question 6

describe bronchi and their structure

Answer 6

Question 7

describe bronchioles and their structure

Answer 7

Question 8

what are the different cells in the airways?

Answer 8

goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells, club cells

Question 9

what are goblet cells?

Answer 9

Question 10

what are ciliated epithelial cells?

Answer 10

Question 11

what are club cells?

Answer 11

Question 12

describe the respiratory epithelium and how it changes across the airways

Answer 12

Question 13

what kind of muscle is the conducting airway made of?
what is its innervation?

Answer 13

Question 14

describe resistance to air flow in upper and lower airways

Answer 14

Question 15

what are alveoli?
what is their function?

Answer 15

Question 16

what are pneumocytes?
the different types?

Answer 16

Question 17

what is surfactant?
what is its purpose?

Answer 17

Question 18

what is surfactant made of?

Answer 18

Question 19

how does surface tension work?

Answer 19

Question 20

what is the law of LaPlace?

Answer 20

Question 21

how does surfactant impact surface tension as per Laplace’s law?

Answer 21

Question 22

what is the role of surfactant in foetal lung maturity?

Answer 22

Question 23

what is neonatal RDS?
features of alveoli?
clinical fetaures?

Answer 23

Question 24

what are risk factors for neonatal RDS?

Answer 24

Question 25

what are complications of neonatal RDS?

Answer 25

Question 26

how can you prevent and treat neonatal RDS?

Answer 26

Question 27

how many lobes in each lung?

Answer 27

Question 28

what is foreign body aspiration?
where is it most likely to end up?

Answer 28

Question 29

what is the relationship between the pulmonary artery and the respiratory tree?

Answer 29

pulmonary artery passes ANTERIORLY to R main bronchus

pulmonary artery SUPERIOR to L main bronchus

Question 30

what is the point at which the reach bifurcates into bronchi?

Answer 30

carina

Question 31

what is the mediastinum?

Answer 31

space between lungs
anterior, middle + posterior

Question 32

what is the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 32

between heart and sternum

Question 33

what is the middle mediastinum?

Answer 33

heart + great vessels

Question 34

what is the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 34

spine + spinal cord

Question 35

what structures are in anterior mediastinum + what masses can arise?

Answer 35

Question 36

what structures are in middle mediastinum + what masses can arise?

Answer 36

Question 37

what structures are in posterior mediastinum + what masses can arise?

Answer 37

Question 38

what are the anterior mediastinal masses?

Answer 38

Question 39

what structures pass through diaphragm?

Answer 39

IVC through canal hiatus
oesophagus through oesophageal hiatus
aorta through aortic hiatus

Question 40

what levels are the openings of the diaphragm found?

Answer 40

Question 41

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 41

C3,4,5 (phrenic nerve)

Question 42

what happens in diaphragm irritation?

Answer 42

Question 43

what happens if the phrenic nerve is cut?

Answer 43

Question 44

what causes quiet respiration?

Answer 44

Question 45

what happens to breathing in exercise? what muscles are involved?

Answer 45