Pulmonary A&P

Question 1

what is external respiration?

Answer 1

ventilation and gas exchange in lungs

Question 2

what is internal respiration?

Answer 2

O2 utilization and gas exchange in tissues

Question 3

what 4 things can limit diaphragm displacement? (“SOAP”)

Answer 3

Size of various GI organs
Obesity
Ascites
Pregnancy

Question 4

contraction of external intercostals pulls the lower rib ___ and ___ toward the upper rib

Answer 4

up, out

Question 5

how are the fibers of the external intercostals oriented?

Answer 5

inferomedially

Question 6

contraction of internal intercostals pulls the ribs ___ and ___

Answer 6

downward, inward

Question 7

how are the fibers of the internal intercostals oriented?

Answer 7

posterior-inferiorly and medially

Question 8

how do we calculate lung compliance?

Answer 8

Δ lung volume / Δ transpulmonary pressure (ΔV / ΔP)

Question 9

what is a shunt / what happens?

Answer 9

-Perfusion occurs, but there is very limited ventilation
-Excess perfusion = R to L shunt (blood not oxygenated)
-V/Q should be lower (ex. COPD)

Question 10

what is a dead space / what happens?

Answer 10

-Ventilation occurs, but there is limited perfusion
-Excess ventilation = physiologic dead space
-V/Q should be higher (ex. PE)

Question 11

what happens when you have increased CO2 in the blood?

Answer 11

Increased CO3 and H+
Reduced blood pH (more acidic)
CO2 retention → become hypercapnic
Hypoventilation (dec RR) and reduced exhalation volumes

Question 12

what happens when you have decreased CO2 in the blood?

Answer 12

Decreased CO3 and H+
Increased blood pH (more alkalosis)
Greater amounts of CO2 are breathed out → become hypocapnic
Hyperventilation (inc RR) and reduced exhalation volumes