Biomarkers for Cardiac Disease

Question 1

which gender is at higher risk for CHD?

Answer 1

male

Question 2

what are the BMI levels for overweight, obese, and morbidly obese?

Answer 2

Overweight: 25-30
Obese: > 30-40
Morbidly obese: > 40

Question 3

why does being in a Pro-inflammatory state put you at higher risk for CHD?

Answer 3

high levels of C-reactive protein

Question 4

what are the cholesterol cut-off levels?

Answer 4

Desirable: < 200 mg/dL
Borderline high: 200-239 mg/dL
High: > 240 mg/dL

Question 5

what are the HDL cut-off values for men?

Answer 5

at risk: < 40 mg/dL
desirable: > 60 mg/dL

Question 6

what are the HDL cut-off values for women?

Answer 6

at risk: < 50 mg/dL
desirable: > 60 mg/dL

Question 7

what is a normal fasting LDL value?

Answer 7

≤ 100 mg/dL

Question 8

triglyceride cut-off values

Answer 8

normal: < 150
borderline high: 150-199
high: 200-499
very high: > 500

Question 9

what is the recommended cholesterol ratio?

Answer 9

5 or less

Question 10

T/F: cholesterol ratio is less important than total cholesterol number

Answer 10

true!

Question 11

screening for lipid disorders (men)

Answer 11

20-35 y/o and at risk of CHD
All men > 35 y/o

Question 12

screening for lipid disorders (women)

Answer 12

20-45 y/o and at risk of CHD
All men > 45 y/o

Question 13

what is the recommended frequency of screening for lipid disorders?

Answer 13

At least every 5 yrs
Could be more frequently based on results and risk profile

Question 14

screening for lipid disorders (children/adolescents)

Answer 14

should have their cholesterol checked at least once btw ages 9-11 and again btw ages 17-21

Question 15

what drug causes red face due to vasodilation?

Answer 15

niacin

Question 16

what vitamin can be used as a supplement to help lower cholesterol?

Answer 16

vitamin B3

Question 17

Pts with DM are considered to exhibit ____ dysfunction

Answer 17

LV diastolic

Question 18

After injury/insult (such as an MI), what happens to serum CPK levels?

Answer 18

Rise: 4-6 hrs
Peak: 12-24 hrs
Remain elevated: 4-5 days

Question 19

normal CPK range

Answer 19

0-175 IU/L

Question 20

myoglobin is a potential diagnostic tool for ____ MI

Answer 20

acute

Question 21

After injury/insult (such as an MI), what happens to serum myoglobin levels?

Answer 21

Can be detected as early as 2 hrs after injury
Peaks 3-15 hrs after injury

Question 22

Why is a liver panel of interest post-MI?

Answer 22

Cardiac pump dysfunction = reduced liver perfusion = passive congestion = increase in the components of a liver panel

Question 23

ANP is released in response to ____

Answer 23

atrial distension

Question 24

what is the gold standard for measurement of heart failure (compensated and uncompensated)?

Answer 24

BNP

Question 25

hs-CRP cut-off values

Answer 25

Normal/low risk: < 1 mg/L
High risk: 1 - 3 mg/L
If > 10 mg/L → evaluated to exclude non-CV diseases

Question 26

serum creatinine levels reflect function of what organ?

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

Elevated serum creatinine may be an independent predictor of ____

Answer 27

CV mortality