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Phys > pulmonary > Flashcards

pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system functions

A
  1. Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
  2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances (food)
  4. Vocalization (talking)
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2
Q

ventilation

A

– Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs
▪ Expiration vs inspiration
- the physics behind breathing

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3
Q

respiration

A

– Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and the blood
- chemical exchange

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4
Q

when you inhale and exhale what happens to the pressure in your lungs?

A
  • inhale: decreases
  • exhale: increases
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5
Q

bulk flow takes place from ___ pressure to ___ pressure

A

high, low

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6
Q

upper respiratory tract

A
  • mouth basal cavity, pharynx, larynx
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7
Q

lower respiratory tract

A
  • trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches, lungs
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8
Q

site of gas exchange

A
  • alveoli
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9
Q

what keeps the diaphragm alive?

A

C3, C4, C5

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10
Q

thoracic cage

A
  • Bones and muscles of the thorax surround the lungs
  • Spine and rib cage
  • Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes
  • Pleural sacs each surround a lungs
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11
Q

pleural fluid

A

– Lowers friction between membranes
– Holds lungs tight against the thoracic wall

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12
Q

type I alveolar cells

A
  • gas exchange (respiration)
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12
Q

pleural sac

A
  • maintains pressure in thoracic cavity
  • forms a double membrane surrounding the lung, similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled balloon
  • collapsed lung = puncture in sac
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13
Q

type II alveolar cells

A
  • produce surfactant
  • surfactant = ease diffusion of O2 and CO2
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14
Q

hypercapnia

A
  • high levels of CO2 (acid in the blood)
  • decreases pH
  • bicarbonate buffer system kicks in
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15
Q

hypoxia

A
  • too little O2
  • decreases pH
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16
Q

inspiration

A
  • breathing in
  • occurs when alveolar pressure decreases
  • volume increases
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17
Q

expiration

A
  • breathing out
  • occurs when alveolar pressure increases
  • volume decreases
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18
Q

you NEED to ____ in order to ____

A

ventilate, respirate

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19
Q

you can _____ but not _____

A

ventilate, respirate

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20
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A
  • volume that moves during a respiratory cycle
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21
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A
  • additional volume above tidal volume
  • breathe in
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22
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A
  • forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration (breathe out)
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23
Q

anatomic dead space

A
  • portion of inspired air that does not take part in gas exchange
  • can only be measured if you’re dead
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24
Q

residual volume (RV)

A
  • volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation
  • expel out all air but stops bc your body reaches a limit
25
Q

vital capacity

A
  • VT + IRV + ERV
26
Q

total lung capacity

A
  • VT + IRV + ERV + RV
27
Q

what creates pressure gradients?

A
  • muscular pumps
28
Q

pressure gradient

A
  • causes fluid to flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
29
Q

intrapleural pressure during the respiratory cycle

A
  • inspiration: pressure drops
  • expiration: pressure returns to normal value
30
Q

inside cavity – when you breathe in, the volume in the inside of the lungs ____ while the pressure ____

A
  • increase in volume
  • decrease in pressure
31
Q

outside cavity – when you breathe in, the volume in the outside of the lungs __ while the pressure ___

A
  • decrease volume
  • increase pressure
32
Q

total pulmonary ventilation

A
  • volume of air moved in and out of lungs per minute
  • ventilation rate x tidal volume
33
Q

alveolar ventilation

A
  • more accurate
  • ventilation rate x (tidal volume-dead space)
  • Low alveolar PO2 alveolar ventilation is inadequate
    (hypoventilation)
    • Decreased lung compliance
    • Increased airway resistance
    • CNS depression: alcohol poisoning, drug overdose
34
Q

acidosis

A
  • happens when you exercise, blood pH low/acidic
35
Q

alkalosis

A
  • decreases ventilation, decreased CO2, higher oxygen
36
Q

partial pressure of the gas

A
  • pressure of an individual gas in a mixture
  • total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures (Pgas)
37
Q

high compliance

A
  • stretches easily
38
Q

low compliance

A

▪ Requires more force
▪ Restrictive lung diseases (inability to breathe in)
– Fibrotic lung diseases (fibrosis)
– Inadequate surfactant production (NRDS)

39
Q

carbon dioxide and epi bind to what receptors

A
  • Beta 2 receptors
40
Q

elastance

A
  • ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released
41
Q

bronchoconstriction

A
  • increases resistance
  • parasympathetic – bind to muscarinic via ach
42
Q

bronchodilation

A
  • decreases resistance
  • sympathetic: beta 2 receptors on smooth muscles relax in response to epi
43
Q

airway diameter

A
  • wider airways have less resistance
44
Q

hemoglobin that binds to oxygen creates what?

A
  • oxyhemoglobin
  • oxygen bound to it and travel thru the blood
  • 4 hemes, so 4 O2 binding sites
45
Q

hemoglobin transports most ___ to the tissues

A

oxygen

46
Q

regulation of ventilation

A
  • Neural networks in the brain stem behaves like a central pattern generator
    1. Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiratory and
      expiratory muscles
    2. Neurons in the pons integrate sensory information and interact with medullary neurons to influence ventilation
    3. Rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a neural network of
      spontaneously discharging neurons
    4. Ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by
      chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers
47
Q

pons

A
  • controls respiratory
48
Q

gas exchange btw alveoli and blood

A
  • PO2 alveolar air > PO2 blood
  • PCO2 blood > PCO2 alveolar air
49
Q

gas exchange between blood and tissues

A
  • PO2 blood > PO2 tissue
  • PCO2 tissue > PCO2 blood
50
Q

pulmonary gas exchange and transport

A
  1. oxygen enters the blood at alveolar-capillary interface
  2. oxygen is transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs
  3. Oxygen diffuses into cells
  4. CO2 diffuses out of cells
  5. CO2 is transported dissolved bound to hemoglobin, or as HCO3
  6. CO2 enters alveoli at alveolar-capillary interface
51
Q

% saturation of hemoglobin and how it affects oxygen’s binding affinity for hemoglobin

A
  • PCO2: increase this will decrease saturation and affinity
  • pH: decrease this will decrease saturation and affinity
  • temp: increase this will decrease saturation and affinity
52
Q

venous

A
  • higher levels of CO2 except in pulm vein
53
Q

arterial

A
  • higher levels of O2 except pulm artery
54
Q

to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia, the body responds to three regulated variables

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. pH
55
Q

fick equation

A
  • used to estimates oxygen consumption
56
Q

carbon dioxide is transported in 3 ways

A
  • dissolved in plasma (7%) or diffuses into RBCs (93%) with bound to hemoglobin (23%) or converted to HCO3 (70%)
57
Q

fresh air into lungs =

A

10% total lung volume at the end of inspiration

58
Q

what is an example of ventilating but not respirating?

A

asthma

59
Q

what buffer system brings the blood pH back to normal?

A

bicarbonate

Phys (13 decks)

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