hematology Flashcards
1
Q
fxn of blood
A
- transport nutrients
- regulates pH
- warms and cools the body
2
Q
plasma
A
- extracellular matrix
3
Q
define hematopoiesis
A
- production of blood cells
- stimulated by erythropoietin
- controlled by cytokines
4
Q
what is the most common to least common WBCs
A
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
5
Q
bone marrow
A
- where blood cells are produced
- red bone marrow: red bc it contains hemoglobin; active
- 25% RBCS, 75% WBCs
- yellow bone marrow contains adipose cells; inactive
6
Q
red blood cells
A
- erthyrocytes
- like hemoglobin
7
Q
platelets
A
- split off from megakaryocytes
- patch up any wound
- life span of 10 day life
- imp for stopping blood loss, immunity, and inflammation
8
Q
white blood cells
A
- leukocytes
9
Q
albumin
A
- most common protein in the blood
10
Q
transferrin
A
- transports iron
11
Q
fluid matrix of blood
A
- Water
- Proteins
- Remaining 1%
- Ions (Na, K, Cl, H, Ca, HCO3)
- Organic molecules
- Gases (O2 and CO2)
- Trace elements
- Vitamins
12
Q
colony stimulating factors
A
- regulate leukopoiesis
- CSFs
- leukopoiesis: production of WBCs
13
Q
thrombopoietin
A
- regulates platelet production
- TPO
- kidneys secrete this
14
Q
erythropoietin
A
- regulates red blood cell production
- EPO
- responds to low blood volume secreted by kidneys
- erythropoiesis: production of RBCs
15
Q
hematocrit
A
- when we’re looking @ RBC
- the percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.
- ratio of RBCs to plasma, expressed by a %
16
Q
mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
A
- size of RBCs
17
Q
hemoglobin plays a role in what?
A
- oxygen transport
18
Q
four globulin molecules
A
- four heme groups
- several isoforms
19
Q
Heme is a porphyrin ring with an iron (Fe) atom at its center
A
– Iron comes from diet
– Transported in blood by transferrin
– Iron taken up in bone marrow
– Excess iron stored in liver by ferritin
20
Q
how long do RBCs live for?
A
- 120 days or 4 months
21
Q
where do older RBCs go?
A
– Older RBCs rupture or phagocytized in spleen
22
Q
amino acids from globin are incorporated into what?
A
- new proteins
23
Q
true or false. some iron from heme groups are reused in new heme groups
A
true
24
Q
remnants of heme groups are converted to bilirubin, excreted as bile
A
– Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine
– Jaundice results from elevated levels of bilirubin
25
how iron and hemoglobin go thru the blood
1. iron ingested from the diet
2. Fe absorbed by active transport
3. transferrin protein transports Fe in plasma
4. Bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin as part of RBC synthesis
5. RBCs live about 120 days in the blood
6. spleen destroys old RBCs and converts hgb to bilirubin
7. bilirubin and metabolites are excreted in urine and feces
8. liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile
9. liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
26
biconcave disks
- Mature mammalian red blood cells in an isotonic solution are biconcave disks, shaped much like jelly doughnuts with the filling squeezed out of the middle
27
megakaryocyte
- Red blood cells have lost their nuclei by the time they enter the bloodstream, and platelets, which also lack a nucleus, are cell fragments that have split off a relatively large parent cell
28
hemostasis
- prevents blood loss from damaged vessels
29
hemostasis and coagulation
– Vasoconstriction
– Platelet plug begins with platelet adhesion
– Exposed collagen and tissue factor lead to a clot
▪ Coagulation (bringing platelets tgthr to cover up the hole) cascade
– Thrombus
30
platelet activation begins the clotting process
– Platelets stick to collagen in damaged vessels
– Release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) --> thromboxane A2
– Prostacyclin: blocks platelet adhesion and aggregation
31
coagulation has two pathways
– Intrinsic pathway known as contact activation pathway
– Extrinsic pathway known as cell injury pathway
32
fibrinolysis
- Plasmin then breaks down fibrin, a process known as fibrinolysis
33
plasmin
- As the damaged vessel wall slowly repairs itself, the clot disintegrates when fibrin is broken into fragments by the enzyme plasmin
34
fibrin
- part of the clot
- laying down of scar tissue
35
coagulation
- the process by which blood clots prevent blood loss in damaged vessels.
36
thrombus
- a blood clot that adheres to an undamaged blood vessel wall
37
adaptive immunity
– Specific immune response
– Slow (days to weeks)
– “Remembered” by immune system
– Cell-mediated immunity (like injecting botox) (phagocytosis)
▪ Contact-dependent signaling
– Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
▪ Antibodies (more viruses have these)
37
innate immunity
- anything and everything gets exposed to this
– Immediate immune response
– Non-specific
– Rapid (minutes to hours)
– Inflammation is characteristic
– Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
– “Not remembered” by immune system
38
macrocylic anemia
- B12 def
- RBC = big
39
microcyclic anemia
- iron def
- RBC = small
40
what carries out internal response for immune system?
- leukocytes
- communicate via cytokines
41
t lymphocytes (T cells)
- migrate from bone to thymus to mature
- t cell receptors: look and say is this us or someone else
42
b lymphocytes (B cells)
- mature in bone marrow
– Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)
43
IgG
– most abundant in serum, produced in secondary responses, crosses the placenta, reacts with complements
44
IgA
– in external secretions
45
IgE
– target gut parasites and are associated with allergic
responses
46
IgM
– associated with primary responses, react strongly with complements
47
IgD
– appear on the surface of B cells, role unclear
48
antibodies
- proteins secreted by immune cells, to carry out the immune response.
- bind to foreign substances to disable them or make them more visible to the cells of the immune system
49
antigens
- Immunogens that react with products of the immune response are known as antigens
- any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
50
natural killer (NK) cells
- form a third category of lymphocytes
- They are thought to develop in bone marrow as well as in other tissues
- kill anything and everything
- can also kill our own cells
51
plasma cells
- lymphocytes and their derivative plasma cells are the key cells that mediate the specific adaptive immune response of the body
52
T lymphocytes -- CD4 and CD8
- CD4: MHII (HIV)
- CD8: MHI
53
universal donor and acceptor
- donor: O-
- accept: AB+
