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HS1120 > Public Health Nursing > Flashcards

Public Health Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

What is Public Health?

A
  • “the science and art of 1) preventing disease, 2) prolonging life, and 3) promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.” — CEA Winslow
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2
Q

What is Health Promotion

A
  • Health promotion actions must go beyond strengthening people’s skills and abilities to manage their own health and move toward action to change social, environmental, and economic conditions to alleviate, impact on public and individuals’ health (WHO, 1998)
  • Many of the benefits of health promotion have yet to be realized
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3
Q

Main Differences B/w Health Education & Health Promotion

A

Health Education - opportunities for learning designed to facilitate changes in behaviour towards a goal
- Focus: communication aimed at improving health literacy, knowledge, and life skills conducive to individual and community health.
- Objective: disseminate knowledge and enable individuals to make informed decision abt health
- health education, is a strategy OF health promotion

Health Promotion - strategy that aims at informing, influencing, and assisting both individuals and organizations to take charge over their health
- Focus: beyond education includes activities, policies, and interventions aimed at creating environments that support healthy behaviours/ lifestyles.
- Objective: encourage individuals and organizations to accept more responsibility over their health and be active in promoting it

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4
Q

What are the 3 approached to Health Promotion?

A
  1. Upstream
  2. Midstream
  3. Downstream
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5
Q

What is an Upstream Approach?

A
  • prevention and promotion strategies focused on high level intervention.
  • policy interventions that benefit the whole population, or primary health care interventions

Ex. 1 Implementing policies that restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods to children to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity.
Ex. 2 Modifying the built environment to promote physical activity (ie. creating walkable neighborhoods with parks and bike paths)

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6
Q

What is an Midstream Approach?

A
  • address material circumstances such as housing, food security, and employment.
  • focuses on changing the causes

Ex. Implementing educational programs within communities to promote healthy behaviors, such as nutrition classes or smoking cessation support groups.

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7
Q

What is a Downstream Approach?

A
  • addresses immediate health needs at an individual, family, or community level.
  • Down stream action looks to change the effects of a situation

Ex 1. Providing medical treatments, medications, and surgeries to individuals with existing health conditions.

Ex 2. Offering programs to support individuals recovering from illness or injury (ie. cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack)

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8
Q

4 Types of Health Promotion Programs

A
  1. Information Dissemination
  2. Health Risk Appraisal & Wellness Assessment Programs
  3. Lifestyle & behaviour change Programs
  4. Environmental Control Programs
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9
Q

What is Information Dissemination?

A

Information dissemination can be achieved using a variety of media to educate the public and raise awareness about the risks of certain lifestyle choices.

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10
Q

What is Health Risk Appraisal & Wellness Assessment Programs?

A
  • Health risk appraisals are used to inform communities of risk factors that are inherent in their day-to day lives
  • The aim is to encourage them to reduce specific risks and develop healthy habits.
  • Wellness assessment programs focus on positive methods of enhancement, (in contrast to the risk-factor approach used in health appraisal)
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11
Q

What are Lifestyle & behaviour change Programs?

A
  • requires the active participation of individuals
  • the initiatives aim to improve the overall quality of life and extended life expectancy
  • found for individuals, groups, and communities
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12
Q

What is an Environmental Control Program?

A
  • Aims to address contaminations in the air, food, and water that affect the health of community members.
  • ex. nuclear power plants, herbicides, and pesticides.
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13
Q

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programs

A
  • Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention
  • Heart Health
  • Tobacco Use Reduction
  • Promoting Physical Activity
  • Protecting Children
  • Nutrition
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14
Q

Nursing Roles in Health Promotion

A

The nursing role includes:
- advocacy
- consultation
- health teaching
- facilitating
- coordination access to health services

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15
Q

What is involved in a Health Status Assessment?

A
  • health assessments guide health promotion incentives
    Health Status Assessments include:
  • health history and physical examination
  • physical fitness assessment
    health-risk appraisal
  • lifestyle assessment
  • health beliefs review
  • life stress review
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16
Q

What is a strength/wellness based nursing diagnosis?

A
  • used to provide focus for the planning of health promotion interventions
  • Collect subjective and objective data to formulate a diagnosis

EX.
- Health-seeking behaviors (ie. physical fitness)
- Effective breastfeeding
- Anticipatory grieving

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17
Q

Health Promotion Planning

A
  • Health promo planning is mutually developed according to the needs, desires, and priorities of the client.
18
Q

Clients Role in Health Promotion Planning

A
  • The client chooses the health-promotion goals; the frequency, duration, and course of actions; and the method of evaluation.
19
Q

Nurses’ Role in Health Promotion Planning

A

Nurse’s role:
- act as a resource, an adviser, and a counsellor.
- provides information
- emphasizes the importance of small steps in making behavioural changes
- helps client set realistic and measurable goals

20
Q

Implementing in Health Promotion

A
  • known as “doing stage”
    -Self-responsibility is emphasized in implementing the plan. - nursing strategies include supporting, teaching, consulting, coordinating, facilitating, counselling, and modelling to enhance behaviour change (depending on client’s needs)
21
Q

Evaluating in Health Promotion

A
  • The evaluation phase is an ongoing aspect of any heath promotion initiative.
  • The client and the nurse assess what is working well and what could be better.
  • Collaboratively they assess if goals are being met.
  • During evaluation, the client may decide to continue with the plan, reorder priorities, change strategies, or revise the health-promotion contract.
22
Q

Public Health Health Promotion Programs

A

1) Maternal and Infant Health
2) Early Childhood Development
3) School Health

23
Q

Who/How do Public Health Nurses Support:

A

PHNS Support:
- Pregnant persons
- Families with young children

Do so directly by:
- Advocating for clients
- Building capacity in clients
- Providing care and counselling to clients
- Educating clients

Do so indirectly by:
- Participating in policy development
- Participating in research and evaluation

24
Q

Phases of Maternal and Infant Healthcare

A

1) Perinatal Health
2) Prenatal Health
3) Infant Health

25
Q

What is Perinatal Health?

A
  • perinatal: time prior to conception
  • Perinatal Care - care/ health and services provided to women who are of childbearing age (they have their period).
  • includes preconception care, pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum.
26
Q

What is Prenatal Health?

A
  • Prenatal care - care provided to the expecting mother and her fetus.
  • This role is shared between public health nurses, primary care providers, midwives, doulas, and obstetricians.
27
Q

What is Infant Health?

A
  • Infant care - care provided to the infant from birth until childhood.
  • This role is taken by public health nurses, primary care teams, and pediatricians.
28
Q

What is Healthy Babies Healthy Children?

A
  • Established and funded by the Ontario Government
  • Fully funded and voluntary
  • Supports eligible pregnant women and families with children from birth until school entry
  • Allows nurses to build a healthy therapeutic relationship while working with them over years
29
Q

Eligibility for Healthy Babies Healthy Children?

A

Client must be:
- pregnantor
parenting a child who is 0-3 years old
- the legal guardian of the child(ren) and actively parenting the child(ren) in the family’s place of residence

AND
The client must meet 1 or more of the following criteria:
- Healthcare professional has concerns about the health and well-being of the client, family and/or child.
- Parent has concerns or questions about the child’s health and development, parenting, parent-child relationship.
- Newcomer to Canada, here < 3 years and having their 1st baby in Canada.
- Client has a limited informal and/or formal support system.
- Client has a history of or is experiencing physical and/or mental health illness that is impacting capacity to parent or cope with pregnancy.
- Client facing challenging life situations or life stressors such as homeless, domestic violence, child protection concerns, no OHIP.

Ex. Teach them to look after the baby, how to breastfeed, nutrition, safe sleep, post-partum care, access to resources, ensure safety of environment

30
Q

What is Nurse-Family Partnership Program (NFP)?

A
  • Evidence-based program focused on promoting the health and well-being of low-income or vulnerable 1st time expectant mothers
  • Clients get partnered with a public health nurses and are followed through pregnancy up until the child’s 2nd birthday.

Goals of program:
- improve pregnancy outcomes
- Improve child health and development
- Improve the economic self-sufficiency or parents and families

31
Q

Eligibility for Nurse-Family Partnership Program (NFP)

A
  • that parent must be < 24 years of age (for the 1st time)
  • the expectant mother is < 24 weeks gestation
  • Have to be experiencing financial hardships and limited resources
32
Q

NFP Focuses on 3 Interventions:

A

1) Promoting healthy behaviours

2) Supporting the establishment of healthy relationships

3) Connecting women and families to necessary supports

  • Has been successful in reducing infant death, reducing childhood injury and treatment, reducing pregnancy complications
33
Q

Other ways Public Health Nurses support family health

A

1) Prenatal Health Education
(ie. SMART Start for Babies)

2) Breastfeeding Support
(ie. Breastfeeding clinics and home visiting options)

34
Q

The Experience of Birthing for Indigenous Communities

A
  • Indigenous cultures hold traditional beliefs about how women become mothers, the role of mothers, and how extended family and community are involved in raising children.
  • Traditionally, pregnant women and mothers were supported by the entire community, provided with healthy foods, supported to be physically active and cared for spiritually.
  • Colonization and dominance of the biomedical model has resulted in lack of cultural awareness and forces Indigenous women to receive prenatal care and deliver in non-traditional ways.
  • Community Health Nurses must be aware of culturally sensitive practices that support Indigenous mothers and their families.
35
Q

Early Childhood Development and ACEs

A

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) -
some of the most intensive and frequently occurring sources of stress that children may suffer early in life.

  • the more ACES’s a child experiences, the more likely he or she is to suffer from heart disease, diabetes, poor academic performance, and substance abuse
  • affects people at all income and social levels

Ex. Experiences include: - multiple types of abuse
- neglect
- violence between parents or caregivers
- household dysfunction (ie. alcohol and substance abuse)
- peer/community violence.

36
Q

How to Reduce the Effects of ACES and Toxic Stress

A
  • fostering strong, responsive relationships b/w children and caregivers
  • helping children and adults build core life skills
  • the ideal approach is to prevent the need for responses by reducing the sources of stress in people’s lives (which can happen by helping them meet their needs or providing services)
37
Q

Foundations for a Healthy School

A

1) Integrated Approach
2) Health-Related Topics
3) Positive School Climate

38
Q

What is an Integrated Approach?

A
  • key to building a strong foundation and addressing a range of health-related topics
39
Q

What are Health-Related Topics?

A
  • physical activity
  • healthy eating
  • personal safety and injury prevention
  • growth and development
  • mental health
  • substance use and addictions
40
Q

What is a Positive School Climate ?

A
  • Strategies and activities under taken within these areas to create e healthy school
41
Q

Role of a School Public Health Nurse

A
  • Provide health education supports and resources
  • Collaborate with parents, teachers and students to foster a healthy school
  • Support the implementation of school health policies
  • Facilitate healthy school committees; small group sessions; promote student leadership and engagement
  • Empower students to develop coping skills and healthy habits
  • Provide sexual health and pregnancy related information and services
42
Q

A School Public Health Nurse Provides:

A
  • resource development
  • classroom presentations
  • collaboration
  • referrals to community agencies
  • clinical services

HS1120 (10 decks)

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