Community Models of Care Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Health Communities Movement
A
- has origins in 1980’s
- the fundamental core value of the HC approach is capacity building and empowerment of individuals, organizations, and communities
- the HC approach is used around the world
2
Q
5 Building blocks for a Healthy Community
A
- Community/citizen engagement
- Multi-sectoral collaboration
- Political Commitment
- Healthy public policy
- Asset-based community development
3
Q
Community/citizen engagement
A
- involving the community and residents in decision-making processes and health-related activities
- empowering citizens to actively participate in shaping policies, programs, and initiatives that affect their well-being
4
Q
Multi-sectoral collaboration
A
- fostering partnerships and collaboration among different sectors such as healthcare, education, government, business, and community organizations
- recognizing that health is influenced by various factors beyond the healthcare system requires a holistic, collaborative approach
5
Q
Political Commitment
A
- gaining the support and commitment of political leaders and policymakers to prioritize and invest public health initiatives
- ensuring that health considerations are integrated into broader policy agendas
6
Q
Healthy Public Policy
A
- developing and implementing policies that support health and well-being at the community level
7
Q
What is an Asset-based Community development?
A
- recognizing and leveraging the strengths, skills and resources within the community
- focusing on the positive aspects and assets of the community to promote sustainable development and wellbeing
- ex. Infrastructure geared toward a demographic
- in Cherryhill (an older population), stores in the mall are geared toward the older pop
8
Q
What are Community Health Nursing Standards
A
- Health promotion - the process pf enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
- Prevention and Health Protection - CHN minimize the occurrence of disease or injuries and their consequences
- Health Maintenance, Restoration, and Palliation - CHN integrates into their practice to maintain max function, improve health, and support life transitions including acute, chronic, or termina illness, and end-o life
- Professional Relationships - CHN works with others to establish, build, and nurture professional and therapeutic relationships. Relationships include optimizing participation, and self-determination of the client
- Capacity Building - CHN partners with the client to promote capacity
- Health Equity - CHN recognizes the impacts of the determinants of health and incorporates actions into their practice such as advocating for healthy public policy
- Evidence Informed practice - CHN uses evidence t guide nursing practice and support clients in making informed decisions
- Professional Responsibility & Accountability - CHN demonstrate professional responsibility and accountability as a fundamental component of their autonomous practice
9
Q
What are Public Health Competencies (& CHNC Standards)
A
- Professional Relationships - CHN works with others to establish, build, and nurture professional and therapeutic relationships. Relationships include optimizing participation, and self-determination of the client
- Capacity Building - CHN partners with the client to promote capacity
- Health Equity - CHN recognizes the impacts of the determinants of health and incorporates actions into their practice such as advocating for healthy public policy
- Evidence Informed practice - CHN uses evidence t guide nursing practice and support clients in making informed decisions
- Professional Responsibility & Accountability - CHN demonstrate professional responsibility and accountability as a fundamental component of their autonomous practice
10
Q
What is Population Health
A
- an approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce inequities among population groups
- it acts upon the broad range of factors and conditions that influence health
- healthy populations contribute to the overall productivity and quality of life in a community
11
Q
What is Health Promotion?
A
- the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
12
Q
What elements are involved in the Ottawa Charter for health promotion?
A
- strengthen community action
- develop personal skills
- create supportive environments
- reorient health services
13
Q
What are the components of Population Health Promotion
A
- Action strategies - the HOW
- Levels of action - the WHO
- Foundations - the WHY
- Determinants - the WHAT
14
Q
Action strategies - the HOW
A
- used to address health-related issues
Ex.
- building healthy public policy
- strengthen community action
-create supportive environments
- develop personal skills
- re-orient health services
15
Q
Levels of action - the WHO
A
- Identifies level of intervention necessary to promote health
Ex. - Society
- Structural or System
- Family
- Individual
- Community
16
Q
Foundations - the WHY
A
- Base of the model
- Gives direction for action on pop health grounded in evidence-based decision, making, research, values, assumptions, and
Ex.
- research
- evaluations
- values
17
Q
Determinants - the WHAT
A
- income and social status
- work/working conditions
- healthy child development
- physical environments
- personal coping skills
- social support networks
- social environments
- education
- genetics
- health services
- culture
- gender
18
Q
Population Health Indicators
A
- Used to measure the health of populations and the progress made towards creating healthier citizens
- Health indicators are closely related to the determinants of health.
Ex.
- Self-rated well being surveys
- Life Expectancy
- Number of people with a specific diagnosis or Injury
- Death rate
- Reason for ER Visits
- it is important to also have information on the protective factors of a population.
19
Q
What are Population Health Interventions
A
- protective factors that act as buffers against adverse health outcomes
- Include policy and program development to address social, economic, and physical environment factors that influence decision making.
- Developing health interventions begin with information gathering from providers regarding past interventions.
- Models (ie. Population Health Promotion Model) guide this process.
20
Q
Capacity Building
A
- a process to strengthen the ability of the individual, organization, or community to develop and implement health promotion initiatives and sustain positive change over time.
- This process starts with identifying existing strengths.
21
Q
Health Equity
A
- Health equity means that all people can reach their full health potential and are not disadvantaged from attaining it because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, social class, socioeconomic status or other socially determined circumstance
- Health equity is a social justice goal focused on pursuing the highest possible standard of health and healthcare for all people, and taking into account broad social, political, and economic influences and access to care.
22
Q
What are Health Inequalities
A
- differences or variations in health status between groups
- Health inequalities that can be changed or lessened by social action are health inequities
23
Q
What are Health Inequities?
A
health differences are:
- Systematic; meaning that health differences are patterned, where health generally improves as socio-economic status improves;
- Socially produced, and therefore could be avoided by ensuring that all people have the social and economic conditions that are needed for good health and well-being
- Unfair and unjust because opportunities for health and well-being are limited.”
24
Q
Reality, Justice, Liberation, Equity, and Equality
A
Reality: everyone starts from a different place
- few have many resources, many have some sources and some have none
Justice: the cause of the inequity is addressed
- the systemic barrier is still in place but the impact is reduced
Liberation: the cause of the inequity was overcome
- the systemic barrier was removed
Equity: everyone gets the supports they need
Equality: everyone benefits from the same supports
25
What is the Built Environment?
- includes the human-made design and layout of the communities in which people live, work and play.
The built environment is made up of:
- Neighbourhoods
- Homes
- Workplaces
- Schools
- Shops and services
- Sidewalks and bike paths
- Streets and transit networks
- Green spaces, parks and playgrounds
- Buildings and other infrastructure
- Food systems (the path that food travels from field to fork: the growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food).
26
Healthy built communities are:
1. Compact and Complete
- A diverse and compact mix of housing options for all ages and incomes, with shops and services, access to healthy food options, schools, employment, public transit, and open green spaces that can promote walking and social connectedness by making it easy to get out and meet.
2. Connected
- Safe, complete streets and transportation networks that promote walking, cycling and transit use, making it easy and pleasant to get around.
3. Cool
- Parks, trees and green spaces provide shade and improve air quality, making the community cooler, and promoting active living and positive mental health.
4. Convivial
- Attractive and lively public and community spaces where people can easily connect with each other and with day-to-day services make communities vibrant and livable.
27
Community Health Nursing Process
1) Assessment - what determines the health of the community
2) Analysis - identify community strengths and formulate a community diagnosis
3) Planning - Addressing health promo challenges, increasing prevention and coping of the community, reducing inequities
4) Interventions - implement prevention strategies
(ie. public participation, supportive environments)
5) Evaluation - gathering evidence and monitoring results for progress and changes
28
Planning Implementing Evaluation
- The Intervention Plan should address the challenges to achieving health by reducing inequalities, increasing prevention, and enhancing community coping.
- Nursing Interventions include primary, secondary, and tertiary preventative services that reflect the five principles of Primary Healthcare.
29
Planning, Evaluation, and Implementation
Specific public health nursing interventions include:
- Consultation
- Counselling
- Health teaching
- Case management
- Referral and follow up
- Screening
- Disease surveillance,
- Policy development and enforcement social marketing
Advocacy
- Community organization
- Coalition building
- Collaboration
- Outreach
30
Program Planning & Evaluation
- Community planning and interventions are successful when the public policy and supportive environments are addressed and when the community is committed to ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the intended health outcomes.
31
Planning, Implementation, & Evaluation Cycle
- Situational analysis or community assessment
- Identifying the problems or issues of concern
- Considering possible solutions or actions to address the problem
Selecting the best alternative
- Designing and implementing the program
- Monitoring and evaluation the program
- Analyzing and interpreting results of the monitoring and evaluation process
- Using the results to make modifications to the program or to inform the decision-making process
32
What is involved in the community assessment?
1. Physical environment
2. Education
3. Safety and transportation
4. Politics and government
5. Health and social services
6. Communication
7. Economics
8. Recreation
33
What is an Environmental Scan?
- when a community health nurse scans the overall environment through a windshield survey
34
What is a Needs Assessment
- needs are what the community experiences as the gap between its current situation and desired situation
35
To perform a needs assessment, CHN's must:
- investigate the nature of the needs of the population
- determine the congruence between the populations expressed needs and those of the community
- determine whether the community is willing and has the resources to take action to bridge the services gap
36
What is a Problem Investigation?
- problem investigations are conducted in response to an identified problem or concern
- community health nurses investigate the occurrence and distribution of the problems in a community, explore the root cause and their effects, and develop responsive plans for positive change
37
How to formulate a Focus Evidence Purpose Statement or Question
P: population
I: intervention
S: setting
O: outcome
38
What is Resource Evaluation?
- assessment and evaluation of existing community resources
- includes examination of the adequacy of:
- human, financial, and physical resources
- community partnerships
- services utilization, gaps, and duplications
- affordability
- accessibilities to target populations
39
What is a Risk Assessment
- RISK refers to the probability or likelihood that healthy persons exposed to a specific factor will acquire a specific disease
- ex. Teens have higher risk than adults of contracting STI's bc of exploring with sexual identity and experiences
- When doing a RISK ASSESSMENT CHNs identify and target clients who are mostly likely to contract a particular disease or develop unhealthy behaviours.
40
What is a Nursing Diagnosis
- Concrete and evidence-based way for nurses to communicate their professional judgements to patients, fellow nursing professionals, members of other medical areas, and the public
- The nursing diagnosis is developed based on info gathered in the assessment phase
- Once a nursing diagnosis is elaborated, the nurse can create a care plan which can be used to measure outcomes of a patents care at a later phase
41
Community Analysis & Nursing Diagnosis
- Data analysis allows CHN's to determine the difference between actual and potential community strengths and needs
- Competent community analysis relies on a clear understanding of how social determinants interact and impact on community health functions and dynamics
- Community data are systematically summarized into categories and compared with other relative community systems for significance
- Inferences can be made to formulate community nursing diagnoses
42
6 Steps to Program Planning
1) Manage the planning process
2) Conduct a situational assessment
3) Set goals, audiences, and outcome objectives
4) Choose strategies, activities, and assign resources
5) Develop indicators
6) Review the plan
43
What is the Program Logic Model
- The program logic model is used in many public health agencies across Canada.
- This tool is unique for its simplicity in demonstrating program inter-relationships and linkages
- Logic models should be developed in collaboration with community and academic partners.
44
Which scenario best illustrates the importance of "Community/Citizen Engagement" in promoting community health?
- Residents participating in town hall meetings to discuss and plan a new community health clinic.
