Primary Care Nursing Flashcards
Key Terms
POPULATION: a diverse group of people or aggregates residing within the boundaries of a community
GROUP: refers to 2 or more people
AGGREGATE: A group of people with a common interest, demographic, cultural heritages, social economical and education levels
TARGET POPULATION: Population for whom nursing intervention is intended
Population at Risk VS. Priority or Vulnerable Population
Population At Risk: Group of Individuals who have high probability of developing illness
Priority or Vulnerable Population: People who are disadvantaged, susceptibly or vulnerable to health inequity, injury, disease, or premature death
What are the 3 Levels of Health Prevention?
health prevention - actions taken to avoid illness, injuries
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What is Primary Prevention?
intervening before health effects occur through:
- immunizations
- altering risky behaviours (ie.poor eating habits)
- banning substances associated with a disease or health condition.
What is Secondary Prevention?
- screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms
ex. mammography and regular blood pressure testing
What is Tertiary Prevention?
- managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression
ex. chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications.
Prevention VS. Healthcare Levels
Healthcare levels
- Actions taken to avoid illness, injuries
Prevention levels:
- Different stages or types of care based on severity or complexity of their health needs
Primary Level of Healthcare
- Promotes health through an upstream approach by
1) identification of potential risk factors
2) mobilization of policy and public awareness to avoid injury and illness
FOCUS: Preventive healthcare
Nursing interventions at this level include: promoting the use of seat belts, public education to help stop the spread of STIs, and advocating for smoke-free spaces
Upstream VS. Downstream Approach?
Upstream - works to prevent the problem before it occurs
- applicable to primary and secondary care
Downstream - reacting to problems after they’ve occurred
- applies to tertiary care
Secondary Level of Healthcare
- Promotes health through:
1)early identification of diseases and conditions
2) timely treatment of them
FOCUS: halt the illness if possible, or at least slow the progression of a disease through therapeutic treatment and medications
Nursing Interventions: screening measure such as examining skin for signs of melanoma, blood test for diabetes, colonoscopies, and mammograms
Tertiary Level of Healthcare
- Initiated once an individual becomes symptomatic, or disease or injury is evident
FOCUS: limit disability, and to rehabilitate or restore the infected person to the maximum possible capability, maximize their quality of life, and meet their self-identified goals
Nursing Intervention: rehabilitation after a stroke or chemotherapy
Primary Health Care VS. Primary Care
Primary health care
- encompasses primary care, disease prevention, health promotion, population health, and community development
- aims to provide essential community-focused health care
- Address health needs of communities
- Ex. Family doctor
- INCLUDES primary care
Primary care
- narrower concept
- person-centered comprehensive approach to care delivery at the point of entry into the health care system
- Primary care can take place anywhere, but is usually offered in a clinic or hospital
- Delivers basic healthcare services : Includes management of common illness, routing check-ups
What is Primary Health Care?
- a whole-of-society approach to health
- aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution
- focuses on people’s needs and as early as possible
- ranges from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care
What are the 3 Components of Primary Health Care
- it brings health and wellbeing closer to communities
1) Integrated health services to meet people’s health needs throughout their lives
2) Addressing the broader determinants of health through multisectoral policy and action
- having a food stamp system if a community has limited access to food
3) Empowering individuals, families and communities to take charge of their own health
- Implementing interventions such as: educate individuals about healthy lifestyles, or involve families in decision-making regarding their health
The philosophy of health care
- health for all
- “All people, everywhere, have the right to achieve the highest attainable level of health”
What are the Values of Primary Healthcare
1) Social justice - the fair distribution of societies, benefits, and responsibilities, and focuses on eliminating the root causes of inequities leading to equality of opportunity for health
2) Equity - the fair distribution of resources for health
What are the 5 Principles of Primary Health Care?
1) Accessibility – healthcare is universally available to all people regardless of geographic community, and is delivered in a timely manner
2) Public participation – people are actively encouraged to participate in making decisions about their own health, and identifying the health needs of the community
3) Health promotion - the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
4) Appropriate technology – the appropriate models of care available based on society, social, economic, and cultural development
5) Intersectoral collaboration – because health and well-being are linked to economic and social policy, intersectoral collaboration is needed to establish national and local health goals, healthy public policies, and planning and evaluation of health services
What are the 8 Components of Primary Health Care?
1) Education about health problems and prevention techniques
ex. Hosting workshops on heathy eating and exercise
2) Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
3) Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
ex. Make sure communities implement projects to improve water quality and sanitation structure
4) Maternal and child healthcare, including family planning
ex. Prenatal clinics, ensuring safe deliveries, family planning resources
5) Immunization against major infectious disease
- Conducting vaccination campaigns
6) Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
7) Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries using the PHC principles of appropriate technology
ex. Using models of care based on societal/economic development (ie. Does your community have the infrastructure to use telemedicine)
8) Provision of essential drugs
ex. Ensuring necessary medication is available to the community
What is the Population Health Promotion Model?
- Canadian developed model for understand the who, when, why, and how of how to implement action for healthy change
- the intent of the model is to guide the actions to improve health
WHAT
- What determinants of health need action or change
WHO
- Identifies level of intervention necessary to promote health
- Action must be taken at various levels to promote health
HOW (action strategies)
- derived from: Ottawa Charter
What are the 4 Components of the HPM?
** FINISH using textbook
1) Social Dets of Health
2) Levels of Action
3) Action Strategies
4) Foundations
What is the Ottawa Charter?
- The 1st International Conference on Health Promotion was in Ottawa on November 21, 1986
- it was a response to growing expectations for a new public health movement around the world
- it resulted in the production of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
- the charter was intended to be a worldwide call for action, presenting strategies and approaches for health promotion that were considered vital for progress toward individual and collective commitment to an ambitious goal of “health for all by the year 2000”
What are the 5 Action Areas for Health Promotion?
1) Building healthy public policy
2) Creating supportive environments for health
3) Strengthening community action
4) Developing personal skills
5) Reorientating health services towards preventing disease and promoting health
What is a Primary Care Nurse
- PCNs are responsible for the provision of primary health care services to individuals, families, and the community
- Work in physician offices, outpatient clinics, community care centers, public health, and primary care organizations
- Function as a member of a health care team to develop and implement care plans, and provide patient follow-up
What do Primary Care nurses Do?
- Provide patient assessments, screening, healthy lifestyle support, education, and chronic disease management to improve health outcomes and facilitate access to health services
- provide health promotion in order to enable people to increase control over and improve their health
- provide health teaching to target populations and provide tools to build capacity and support behaviour
*the purpose of health teaching is to positively influence the health behaviours of individuals, families, and communities, and the living conditions that influence their health
