Public health final exam Flashcards
when were restaurants in the US required to list calories on menus
2010 as part of the affordable care act
what is the regulatory approach
regulating what people can/cannot do through laws
Like laws requiring seatbelt use
why is the regulatory approach controversial
impedes on one’s freedom
what is the most important predictor of health
SES (social economic status)
Ecological model
“Proud Cats Investigate Interesting Insights”
public policy (laws/regulations on a state, municipal and federal level) -> community (organizations a person is part of) -> institutional (schools/workplaces) -> interpersonal (relationships with others) -> intrapersonal (knowledge, attitudes, skills)
How these factors affect an individual’s behaviour
some major risk factors of our time
tobacco, poor diet, lack of exercise
What is self-efficacy and how does it impact health behavior?
Self-efficacy is the sense of having control over one’s life. People are more likely to adopt healthy behaviors if they are confident in their ability to do so. A higher sense of control reduces stress and increases motivation to engage in positive health behaviors.
motor vehicle safety as a public health success story
reduced injury and death on the road
seatbelt implementation, drunk driving prevention, airbags, highway divisions and other roadway improvements
What are the different types of alcohol-related deaths, and how does alcohol abuse impact young adults, particularly college students?
Alcohol-related deaths: Can be acute (e.g., suicide, motor vehicle accidents) or chronic (e.g., liver disease, stroke, hypertension).
Impact on young adults: Alcohol abuse and use are most common among young adults aged 18-25, leading to significant injuries and harm among college students, including assaults and sexual assault.
What are the concerns with smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes in tobacco control?
There are concerns about dual use (smoking and vaping), nicotine addiction in children, and former smokers relapsing. However, they may help smokers quit or reduce consumption.
What role does the FDA play in regulating tobacco products?
The FDA regulates nicotine concentrations and tobacco products to reduce addiction, with the goal of making nicotine levels non-addictive and encouraging innovation in non-combusted nicotine products.
What barriers exist to the FDA’s regulation of tobacco products?
Barriers include legal action against regulation, opposition from the tobacco industry, bureaucratic hurdles, and a perception that smoking is no longer a major public health issue.
What are some effective tobacco control policy interventions?
Education: Warning labels, media campaigns, and school health education.
Regulations: Sales restrictions, smoke-free workplaces, and laws against selling to minors.
Taxation: Tobacco tax increases have been effective, especially in reducing smoking among children.
Why are nicotine replacement therapies often ineffective?
Nicotine replacement therapies are often ineffective because they are not used properly by many smokers.
What new directions are being explored in tobacco control policies?
Expanding smoke-free areas and increasing the minimum age for purchasing tobacco.
Implementing graphic warning labels.
Considering the role of smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes in harm reduction.
What demographic groups still smoke at higher rates?
Smokers tend to be less educated, from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, institutionalized (unhoused, military, incarcerated), living in rural areas or southern states, and individuals with mental health conditions or comorbid addictions.
Why do inpatient psychiatric wards have high smoking rates?
Inpatient psychiatric wards often have high smoking rates because tobacco is a legal substance that patients can become addicted to while transitioning from other substances.
What are tobacco health disparities?
Tobacco health disparities refer to the uneven distribution of smoking-related health issues, often affecting disadvantaged and marginalized groups more severely.
What is the “endgame” for tobacco use?
The “endgame” for tobacco use is achieving such low smoking rates that the mission is considered accomplished, though disparities must still be addressed.
How are harm reduction products like patches, gum, and zyn being misused?
Harm reduction products, such as nicotine patches, gum, and zyn, are being abused even though they are designed to help people reduce smoking.
What is harm reduction in tobacco use?
Harm reduction involves using alternative products, like e-cigarettes or nicotine replacements, to reduce smoking rates and minimize health risks.
What is obesity and what factors contribute to it?
Obesity is a complex state of excess adipose tissue that may affect health, resulting from factors like genetics, diet, physical activity, sleep, environmental exposures, and more.
How does obesity affect the body?
Obesity impedes the function of other organs and is considered an endocrine organ because it produces extra hormones.
Is obesity preventable or treatable?
Yes, obesity is preventable and treatable, but its prevalence is increasing, especially in the US.
