Public Health Exam 2 Flashcards
100 on exam 2
Why do people engages in unhealthy behaviors?
- lack of knowledge
- psychological environments
- risk perceptions
- peer pressure and role modeling
- physical environment
- community norms
- benefits immediate; cost deferred
- addiction
Ecological Model
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, societal/public policy
Intrapersonal
biological factors, beliefs, knowledge, personal fianaces, skills, attitudes, preference, self- efficacy
Interpersonal
role modeling, peer pressure, social support, family, partner, friends
Institutional/ organizational
school, workplace, social groups, religious groups
community
community initiatives, neighborhood characteristics, relationships between organizations, community norms
Societal/ public policy
media, zoning, social norms, laws, enforcement of laws
health outcomes are influences by the….
interactive characteristics of individuals and environments
Major Health Risks
tobacco, poor diet, and lack of exercise
Wonder Drug
PHYSICAL EXERCISE
- helps with anxiety, dementia, risk of stroke
- weight, diabetes, disability, breast cancer and bowel cancer
Alcohol Related Death- Acute and Chronic Causes
Acute-
- motor vehicle crashes, poisoning, suicide, homicide, drowning
Chronic-
- stroke, hypertension, various cancers, adiction
Alcohol Abus is highest aroung young adults
- heart disease is highest among those who do not drink and are heavy drinkers
Alcohol Injuries amoung college students
- death, assault, and date rape
Policy gone wrong… Prohibition
positive health affects- liver problems decrease and consumption dropped
social consequences- disrespect for the law, more murder, and bootlegging
Reduction in Motor Vehicle injuries
-public health success
- target safety efforts= roadway improvements, campaigns against drunk driving, vehicle safety improvements
Strategies for health behavior change
- Education
- Incentives
- law and policies
Certain Groups Smoking is Higher
- prisons
- rural areas
- southern areas
- military
Smoking is higher amoung those with mental health issues
- because not focused on long term issues but mental health
- people die with diesease that are tied with smoking
Youths are not Smoking
- vaping increased than decreased
- nicotine is not killing it is everything else in it
- smoking rates are decreasing
Harm Reduction
- vaping is used as harm reduction cause smoking is worse
- harder for older people to stop smoking
Disability-adjusted life years
a measure of overall disease burden, capturing the number of years lost from poor health, disability, or premature death
Decision to Smoke is a Combination of
psychological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors influence individual behavior
What is Mental Health
- a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their communities
- it is an intergal component of health and well-being that underpins out individual and colective abilities to make decisions, bild relationships and shape the world we live in
Mental and behavioral disorder are amoung…
the leading causes of disability in the US
mental disorder are amung the costilist health conditions for adults 18-64 in the U.S
Mental Health Conditions are Characterized by…
- present frequently/ daily
- last for substantial periods of time
- cause dysfunction/ disability
- and are not caused by another medical condition or substance use disorder
Mental Health is on a continuum
in crisis, stuggling, surviving, thriving, excelling
Heatlh Promotion is on a Continuum
Prevention, Treatment, continuing care
Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Care
- lack of insurance, mental illness stigma, lack of diversity among mental health care provider, distrust in health care, inadequate support for mental health service in safety net setting
Mental Health Disparities
- two or more races are most likely to report any mental illness within the last year
- lack of cultural understand may contribute to under diagnosis of mental illness
- difference in services used by people of different ethnic racial groups
- minorities more likely to go to juvenile justice system than speciality primary care
ethnic/ racial minorities often bear a dispropotionaely high burden of disability resulting from mental disorders
Person First Language
Def: language choice that emphasizes the person as a whole and views the disorder, disease, condition, or disability as only on part of the person
Obesity as an example of a chronic disease
obesity defined: complex state of excess adipose tissue that may affect health resulting from a variety of factors such as genetics, diet, and physical inactivity
Obesity is…
- Prevalent
- Serious- health and economic consequences
- Preventable and treatable
(make it a public health problem)
contributions to increase in obesity
- dietary intake/ nutrition
- physical activity
- genetics- sleep
- environmental exposures
Macronutrients- yield energy
- carbohydrates
- lipids/ fats
- proteins
Micronutrients- need in smaller amounts
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
recommendation for nutrients a persona should consume per day to stay healthy
Folate
critical in synthesis of DNA and cell division (helps close the spinal cord)- if not difficulty walking, fluid build up in brain, tethered spine
Fortification Efforts
- iodine in salt,
- vitamin D in milk, cheese, yogurt
- niacin, iron in flours
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
- detailed report for professions: health professionals, policymakers, and researchers
-goals: promote health behaviors, prevent chronic disease, provide tools for individual to monitor food intake
Regular Physical Activity Benefits
- reduces onset of many disease states
- improve quality of sleep
- improve cognitive function: academic performance, memory, etc.
- maintains muscle and bone mass
Type 2 diabetes
- chronic disease: due to obesity, physical inactivity, genetics, age, socioeconomic status race
Type 2 Diabetes: Interventions
lifestyle changes: weight loss, physical activity, diet
Medication
mental health disorders
are a leading cuse of disability, morbidity, and morality and the leading cause of disability for young adults
early prevention, detection and treament saves lives
Academically yUntreated mental health disorder are associated
with lower GPA, enrollment discontinuity, and drop-out
economic case for investing in student mental health
increased retentions, increased lifetime productivity (earnings), increased student satisfaction
Impact of Covid on mental health
- Increase in severe depression
- Increase in academic impairment and distress
- Increase barrier to care
- Decrease in student access to care
Socio-political events- impact mental health
There mental health increased post trump election travel ban of muslim students
Higher mental health issues
Gender and sexual minorities are experiencing high mental health concerns
International and students of color also experience higher mental health concerns
Public health Approach
- Addresses basic needs
- Develop life skills
- Promoting social networks
- Identity students at-risk
- Encourage help seeking
- Provide mental health services
Addresses basic needs
- Undermines educations experiences and credential attainment- food and housing insecurity
- Associated with poor physical health, symptoms of depression and higher perceived stress
Promoting social networks
Important protective factor, students turn to each other when in distress
What works for improving mental health in higher education?
- skill training with supervised practice, screening, peer programs, beloning interventions
What DOES NOT work for improving mental health in higher education?
Psychoeducational (just telling students information and leaving them to be), gatekeeper (program where people reach out to non mental health professionals- life RAs, and professors…)
Mental health needs public health
Clinical services and insufficient
inequalities= large and persistent
Population level approaches that address root causes and focus on prevention are needed
Types of gun injuries and deaths
- intentional, suicide and homicide
- unintentional accidental injury
- unknown
those with a gun in the home
3x more likely to die by homicide
7x more likely to die by suicide
Interpersonal/ intrapersonal gun violence
intimate partner violence/ mental health
What levels may be well suited for intervention?
Public policy (is the big one)
Community and interpersonal
What examples of intervention at each level?
Institutional
Metal detectors, government identifying warning for groups with hella guns, ways to identify teachers with mental health issues that someone could cause harm to themselves or other, security
