Anthro Exam 3

Question 1

How did we define sociopolitical organization?

Answer 1

One aspect of social organization focused on histories and cultures of power, authority, governance, and conflict resolution

Question 2

How governance and power defined in leacture? How do governance and power relate to the concept of authority?

Answer 2

• Governance: The conduct of conduct
• Power: The ability to exercise one’s will over others
• Power without authority vs authority without power: governance can happen either way
  ——Power can be exerted without authority: bullying

Question 3

Why was colonialism linked to the rise of anthropology as a discipline?

Answer 3

• Negative consequences: the assumption that similar forces of government should be forced on non- European people via colonialism
• Colonial governance permitted study of the maintenance of order in societies without formal governments and political leaders

Question 4

How is power distributed in “band” societies versus “chiefdoms” and “states”? What is an acephalous society?

Answer 4

• In bands- it is non-centralized power: control over resources dispersed between members of society
• In chiefdoms- it is centralized power and control over resources
• Acephalous society- they have no governmental heal or hierarchical structure

Question 5

Basic understanding of the WLA textbook description of Pr. Max Owusu’s work in Ghana.

Answer 5

• He was a consulting member of the Constitutional Experts Committee, with drafted the 1992 constitution proposal
• Critic of autocratic and repressive leadership in post-independence Ghana and other African nation-states– advocate for democracy
• Saw the problem with imposing western democracy on African societies with different histories and indigenous political traditions

Question 6

What are features of chiefdoms? What is the concept of office and why is it important?

Answer 6

• Kinship continues a central role
• Permanent regulation of a territory- may regulate 1000’2 of people
• You are ranked relative to the chief
• Linked to the emergence of larger scale Agricultural ways of making a living
• Chiefdoms and Power- permanent positions, refilled upon vacancy, basis of more complex bureaucracies
  ——-Differential access to resources based on kinship and descent - unequal allocation of power, prestige, wealth- achieved and ascribed status

Question 7

What are three consequences of state administration? (see lecture slides)? Other feature of nation states talked about in lecture? What three aspects of state stratification (see slides)?

Answer 7

Displace: Displace of kinship
Foster: foster geographic
Assign: assign differential rights/ distinctions
Nation-states: - -
- Independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity
- Most contemporary bands, tribes, or chiefdoms exist within the geographic borders of a state
- States employ many form of control over their populations- from surveillance of their activities to terror and outright genocide

Question 8

Rosie the Riveter

Answer 8

Media associated with female defense worker during WWII, a symbol for women in the workforce for women’s independence , women needed to replace the man in factories

Question 9

Tough Guise

Answer 9

The connection between media images and social constructions changed masculinity

Question 10

Barbie Liberation Organization

Answer 10

Network of creative activist

Question 11

Gender

Answer 11

is composed of the expectations of thought and behavior that cultures assign to people of different sexes

Question 12

Sexes

Answer 12

from an anthropological standpoint, refer to the culturally agreed upon (or contested) physical differences between male and female humans, or those in between, often focused on biological differences related to reproduction.

Question 13

Gender Identities

Answer 13

are each person’s internal experience and understanding of their own gender

Question 14

Gender Expressions

Answer 14

refer to how a person presents themselves in relationship to gender, whether in behavior, appearance, name, pronouns, etc.

Question 15

Gender Identities/ Expressions and Assigned Biological Sexes may or may not Correspond

Question 16

Gender Studies

Answer 16

explores how gender identities and gender expressions are shaped by and affect one’s life chances. For eggs it seems as “debris, cessation, expulsion, death, loss,…. Scrap”. The sperm is seen as producing and saving the eggs from failing. It is seen as the savior while the egg is passive needing saving from the sperm.

Question 17

Emily Martin’s reading, The Egg and the Sperm

Answer 17

The language used to describe the sperm and egg are very different

Question 18

Basic understanding of the Border Myths section of Land of Open Graves will be on the test pretty much for sure!

Answer 18

Border myths of Land of open Graves was that increased security measures around the border would result in lower migration patterns, but it is actually tied to socioeconomic factors.

Question 19

Corporate Groups

Answer 19

Groups of real people that work together toward a common goal – family relationships beyond the nuclear family

Question 20

Nuclear/ Extended Families

Answer 20

• EF: family relationships beyond the nuclear family, often living in the same household
• Nuclear: parents and children living together in a common household

Question 21

Endogamy/ Exogamy

Answer 21

• Exogamous: Pressure to marry outside of one’s descent groups
• Endogamous: Pressure to marry within one’s descent groups

Question 22

Matrilineal/ Patrilineal Descent

Answer 22

• M: lifetime membership in mother’s group. CHildren of the group’s men are excluded
• P: lifetime membership in father’s groups. Children the group’s women are excluded

Question 23

Family of Orientation (Natal Family)/ Family of Procreation

Answer 23

• Family of orientation (natal Family): family in which one is born and groups up
• Family of procreation: family formed when one marries and has children

Question 24

Cross Cousins/ Parallel Cousins

Answer 24

• Cross: children of your mother’s brother or father’s sister are cross cousins
• Parallel cousins : children of two brothers or two sisters

Question 25

Forms of Marriage… Monogamy versus Plural Marriage Patterns

Answer 25

• Polygamy: any form of plural marriage. Previously far more common in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific than it is today
• Polygyny: When a man is simultaneously married to more than on woman
• Polyandry: when a women has two or more husbands at one time

Question 26

Familiarity with the MAIN MARRIAGE POINTS slide

Answer 26

• Dramatic variation in marriage cross-culturally
• Often regulates social links between sexuality/ procreation
• Serves to socially legitimate children in the social world
• Builds alliances, establishes connections (often economic) among affines
• Plays an important role in regulating descent the transmission of inheritance

Question 27

Lineal Kinship

Answer 27

• everybody different

Question 28

Bifurcate Merging Kinship

Answer 28

• the same sexes on each side are mothers or fathers and then uncles and aunts if dfferent