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Anthropology > public health exam 1 > Flashcards

public health exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is public health?

A

about protecting and promoting health, focuses on groups of people and communities, organized and collective efforts

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2
Q

what is health care

A

focused on the individual, one provided, and focus on treatment

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3
Q

Why is Public Health Important?

A

Value driven, community-led solutions, and evidence-based decision making, health equity, prevention and wellness

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4
Q

How does Public Health contribute to longer life?

A

Sanitation, housing, nutrition, and job safety

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5
Q

What are the imbalances between public health and healthcare?

A

Market system (US targets individual needs), rule rescue(want to be saved only when something is wrong), relative risks(own risks for various things)

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6
Q

Benefits

A

Abstract, deferred

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7
Q

Cost

A

Tangible and immediate

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8
Q

First Core Functions of Public Health

A

Assessment
- data collection, biological analysis, dissemination of finding

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9
Q

Second Core Function of Public Health

A

Policy Development
- use of scientific knowledge base
- engaging communities,
- appreciation and use of the political process

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10
Q

Third Core Function of Public Health

A

Assuring needed services are Available
- encouragaing appropraite actions by other entities
- requiring such action through law or regulation
- directly providing Public Health Services

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11
Q

Why is Public Health Contentious?

A
  • may restrict on individual freedom
  • questions the role of individual responsibility
  • economic and public health intrest can be in conflict
  • may take on moral issues
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12
Q

Six sciences of Public Health

A

Epidemiology, statistics, biomedical sciences, social, behavioral, environmental sciences

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13
Q

Approach to Public Health Problems

A
  1. Define Problem
  2. Identify risk factors
  3. Prevent cause or develop/ test intervention
  4. implement intervention
  5. monitor intervention and assess the effectiveness
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14
Q

Primary Interventions

A

prevents anything from occurring at all

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15
Q

Secondary prevention

A

minimize damage once the event has occurred

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16
Q

Tertiary

A

Minimize disability through rehabilitation

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16
Q

What are some Population Healths measures?

A
  • Death Rates(1/100,000 annually), Infant Mortality(1/1000), Life Expectancy
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17
Q

What influences population health?

A

Social, economic, and physical environments, personal health practices, individual capacity and coping

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17
Q

Race

A

group of people similar physical or social characteristics considered by society as forming a distinct group

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17
Q

What is population health?

A

the health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the groups

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18
Q

Health

A

physical well-being, social well-being, and mental well-being

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19
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

the social standing of class of an individual or group.

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20
Q

How is SES measured

A

Income, education, occupation

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21
Q

Health Difference

A

a measurable difference in health conditions or deaths compared with the general population- Inequality

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22
Q

How can racism be experience?

A

Interpersonally (language…), Structurally (society reinforcing stereotypes), Institutionally (racially discriminatory policies)

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23
Q

Health Disparity

A

Linked to economic, social, or environmental disadvantage. Affect people who have been systematically experience greater obstacles in health- Inequity

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24
Q

Where do disparities arise from?

A

Inequities in social circumstance: gender, SES, location, ethnicity, religion and race, mental health

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25
Q

Health Disparity are….

A

avoidable, unnescessaire, and unjust

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26
Q

Life expectancy improves….

A

when SES increases and are not systematically opressed

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27
Q

Half of all premature deaths are the result of health behaviors factors

A

smoking, poor diet and physical inactivity, injuries, other preventative

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28
Q

Health Equity

A

Means social Justice in health- commitment to reduce and eliminate disparities in health

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29
Q

How does economic stability affect health?

A

housing, medical care, healthful foods

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29
Q

how does education affect health?

A

income, employment, health knowledge, stress, healthy behaviors, social resources,

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29
Q

how does neighborhood and physical environment influence health

A
  • housing quality and safety
  • green space and walkability
  • environmental pollution
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30
Q

How does food affect health outcomes?

A

food security, access to quality foods, availability of healthy options

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31
Q

How does social and community negatively context affect health?

A

limited economic opportunities, residential segregation, stress

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32
Q

how does health care affect health?

A

access to care, provider and hospital availability, quality of care

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33
Q

How does Racism Effect Health?

A
  • every seven minutes black people die prematurely
  • linked to obesity, breast cancer, to heart disease, and even premature mortality
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34
Q

What powers do the states have?

A

The power not delegated to the US or prohibited to the states are reserved to them

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35
Q

Parts of the Pbic Health system

A

federal agencies, state/tribal/local departments, government agencies, clinical care systems, community based organizations, educational institutions, media, private non-profit associations, private industry

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35
Q

What is part of a strong public health infrastructure?

A

prevent chronic illness, control infectious diseases, monitor food and water safety

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36
Q

What was not made possible without the government?

A
  • immunizations, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, control of infectious disease, declines in death in heart and stroke, safer and healthier foods, improve maternal/ child outcomes, family planning, fluoridation of water, tabacco warnings
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37
Q

State Governments have Police Power. What is that?

A

The right to enact laws and regulations to protect public health, welfare, and morals

37
Q

What two ways are the US Congress involved in Public health?

A

Commerce power and power to tax and spend(should be spent to promote tax and spend the for the common good of the citizens)

38
Q

CMS

A

medicare- health insurance for the elderly
Medicaid- health insurance and nursing home for the poor

38
Q

Who gives local government authority?

A

the state

39
Q

CDC

A
  • research, produces health education materials, trains the public health workforce, collects data on the nation’s health
40
Q

FDA

A
  • food, drug, cosmetics
    -safety of manufacture ood, safety of medical deices and safety of vacines
41
Q

Law Works in PH

A
  • government receives a need
  • passess a statue
  • can be challenged in court
42
Q

Epidemiology

A

the meaure and distribution of health and disease outcomes in the population

43
Q

Big Figures in Epidemiology

A

John Snow (water supplies contaminated), Florence Nightingale (reduced death in soliders) Jame Baldwin (race and health side affects)

44
Q

Objectives of Epidemiology

A
  1. identity the cause of disease and risk factors
  2. determain the extent of disease found in the community
  3. study the natural history and progression of disease
  4. evaluate new preventative and therapeutic measures
  5. provide a foundation for developing public policy
45
Q

Questions in Epi

A

Clearly defined, specific time and population

46
Q

measurement of population in Epi- data collected

A

clean, objective and measurable, how it it collected: surveys, interview, medical records, lab studies
outcome- occurrence and number of times had

46
Q

measurements in populations in Epi

A

age, race, ethnicity, sex

47
Q

Randomized Control Trials

A

evaluate new methods, treatment social interventions
Pros- should be free from bias, double blind/ blind, golden standard
Cons- ethical considerations , placebo

47
Q

Case Control Groups

A

find groups and then trace their history back to find the exposure
- Pros- good for rare diseases, more efficent
- cons: not efficent for rare exposures, prone to bias from researcher, temporality issues

48
Q

temporality

A

whether a cause happens before an effect

49
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

exposure and disease status assessed at the same time
- pros:quick and inexpensive, have provides exploratory data
- cons: cannot determine where exposure precedes disease, limited ability to provide inferences

50
Q

Cohort Study

A

exposure is measured at onset of study and the disease status is measure at followup
pros: exposure prevedes disease, good for rare exposures
cons: bad for rare disease, expensive and long duration, prone to self-bias

51
Q

Bias and confounding

A

bias- systemic error and incorrect estimate of the association
confounding- is a distortion in the association between the exposure and disease presented by third variation

52
Q

Statistical Analysis

A

how you build convincing evidence- measured in ratio

53
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases measure in rate

54
Q

prevalence

A

the number of preexisting cases measure in percentages in a point of time

55
Q

endemic

A

the usual outcome of a disease within a given geographic area and time

56
Q

epidemic

A

the occurrence of infectious disease above the normal expectancy in a specific area and time

57
Q

pandemic

A

world wide epidemic affecting a large amount of people

58
Q

Populations

A

target- want to generalize to
source- specific individuals from which a representative sample is taken
study- the group you get access to
sample- the group in the study

59
Q

connivence sample

A

data collection from population member who are conveiently able to participate in study
pro: cheap, easy, good for hypothetical generation
cons: not representative and limits generablizlity

60
Q

biostatistics

A

the application of stats in public health; includes clinical trials, genetic variants surveys, brain functions, economic factors, pollulant concentratons

61
Q

Jerry Cornfield

A

established relationship between smoking and lung cancer

62
Q

Misinformation

A

videos that have been edited, picked statistics, websites that look professional,

62
Q

Why biostats?

A

understand and analyze Public Health studies, quantitative resoning skills to evaluate and interpert studies,

63
Q

Population

A

entire set of people or things, they have the results applied to them

64
Q

sample

A

subset of data, what we collect data on

65
Q

good sampling

A

free from bias, efficient, only probability sampling

65
Q

As n increases the CI…

A

around the mean gets smaller - more precise estimate

66
Q

P-value

A

the probability of an observed result arising by change-

67
Q

Do biostats use p-values?

A

no- they are often missused and the increase of sample size decreased the p-value

68
Q

Bias in Biostats

A
  • people enrolling in a study where they are represented, recalling errors, publication (more positive than negative), algorithmic correlation degree of a relationship between 2 variables or quantities
69
Q

Infectious diseases

A

disorders caused by organisms- bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites

69
Q

Koch 4 criteria

A
  1. Causative agent is absent from all health organisms but present in diseased
  2. causing agent must be isolated from the diseased organism
  3. cultured agent must cause the same disease when inoculated into a health organism
  4. Same causative agent must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased organism
69
Q

Pasteur

A

developed vaccines, and discovered several species of bacteria

69
Q

Explanations for Diseases

A
  1. Miasma (poisonous emanations from filthy water, soil air)
  2. Contagion and germ theory (puerperal fever; during childbirth led to spsis)
    Epiological Transitions
  3. Chronic Diseas
  4. HIV epidemic
  5. Covid
70
Q

Infectious dieseases..

A

decline during epidemiological transitions

71
Q

People sill live with HIV

A

but new cases have decreased

72
Q

Direct Transmission

A

person to person contact from one infected person to another person

72
Q

In the world ….. diseases are the leading cause of death

A

infectious

72
Q

pathogens

A

bateria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions

72
Q

what has caused the (re)emergence of infectious diseases

A

urbanization and crowding, increased mobility, human contact with environment, increased pollutants, potential for bioterror, effects of global warming

73
Q

Indirect transmission

A

involves the transfer of pathogen by contact with a contaminated intermediate inanimate object or contaminated vector

74
Q

Why investigate outbreaks?

A

identify risk factors, discover new pathogens, new research insight

74
Q

Types of Exposure

A
  1. no infections
  2. carrier no illness
  3. subclinical
  4. clinical infection
74
Q

3 periods of infectious process

A

Incubations, latent, infectious

75
Q

What are someways to break the chain of infection?

A

hygiene, sanitation, airflow, treating disease

76
Q

Similarities in Chronic Disease definitions

A

the length of time (persistent, long duration, longer than a year)

77
Q

Why is Communication important?

A

tell the public accurate information, control panic,

78
Q

Types of Chronic Diseases

A

heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, stroke, Alzheimer, and diabetes

78
Q

Differences in Chronic disease definitions

A

comes with time, requires on going medical attention, or limits activity of everyday life

79
Q

epidemiological transition

A

change in disease patterns, cause of death, fertility, and life expectancy, shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases

80
Q

Individual burden of disease

A

survival, anxiety, social/economic disease

81
Q

Public Burden of disease

A

contagiousness, economic intrest, prevalence, incidence, morbidity, mortality

82
Q

economic cost of chronic diseases

A
  • cost a lot for medication and loss productivity
  • having more than one chronic illness dramatically increases the cost
82
Q

common causes

A

poor sleep, nutrition, physical inactivity, tabacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol

82
Q

Having a infectious can lead to a higher risk for a chronic disease

A

Having a chronic disease can lead to a higher chance of getting a infectious disease

Anthropology (4 decks)

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