Public Health And Behavioural Science Flashcards
What are the 3 domains of public health
Health improvement
Health protection
Health services delivery
What are the 3 drivers of public health
Cost effectiveness
Population health needs
Ethics and values
Define health
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
How is burden of disease measured
DALYs
What is a DALY
Disability adjusted life year
What is a QALY
Quality adjusted life year
Define self efficacy
A persons confidence to perform a particular behaviour
What are the 5 stages of eliciting change in the transtheoretical model
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
What does the dual processing theory suggest
Behaviour is controlled by 2 processes:
Deliberate or reflective
Implicit or impulsive
What does it mean if evidence is reliable
Under the same conditions, results can be replicated at another time by other people
What does it mean if evidence is valid
Variables are defines, theory base is credible and research methods are comprehensive and reliable
What is considered the gold standard research method
Randomised control trial
What is a meta analysis
Secondary analysis of primary research data
Phase 1 of a drug trial
Tests the safety and dosage of a new treatment in humans
Phase 2 of a drug trial
Tests the effectiveness and side effects of a new treatment in a specific disease
Phase 3 of a drug trial
Tests the comparison of a new treatment with a standard treatment in a larger population
Phase 4 of a drug trial
Tests the long term benefits and risks of a new treatment
What is a confounding variable
A variable associated with the outcome and the exposure where the real association may be masked or diluted
How is the outcome of a case control design expressed
An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p value
Absolute risk
The number of new cases of a disease in an at risk population during a specified time period / total number of individuals in at risk population at the same time
Relative risk
Absolute risk of all individuals exposed to a risk factor during a period of time / absolute risk of all individuals not exposed to a risk factor during the same time period
Odds ratio
Odds of disease in a population exposed to a risk factor / odds of disease in population not exposed to a risk factor
Relative risk score >1
Indicates increased possibility of health outcome occurring
Relative risk score <1
Indicates reduced possibility that the health outcome will occur
Accuracy
How close the results are to the true value
Precision
The reproducibility of an analytical result
Internal quality control
Expected results are known, actual results are compared with previous results
External quality control
Samples are circulated by and external lab to lots of other labs
Sensitivity
Tells you how good the test is at identifying disease
Specificity
Measure of how good the test is at identifying health
Positive predictive value
The percentage of people with a positive test who have the disease
Negative predictive value
The percentage of people with a negative test who do not have the disease
What is screening
The process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at risk of a disease or condition
Incidence
The rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a population over a particular period of time
Prevalence
Number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular time or over a specified period of time
How to calculate sensitivity
Number of results where disease is detected in people with the disease/ number of people with the disease x 100
How to calculate specificity
Number of negative results where the disease is not detected in people who don’t have the disease / number of people without the disease x 100
How to calculate positive predictive value
Number of people with a positive test who have the disease / number of people with a positive test result x 100
How to calculate negative predictive value
Number of people who have a negative test result and don’t have the disease / number of people with a negative test result x 100
Lead time bias
Survival time seems to increase due to earlier detection which may occur before symptoms
Primary prevention
Aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs
Secondary prevention
Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or an injury that has already occurred
Tertiary prevention
Aims to soften the impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects
Planetary health
The health of human civilisation and the state of the natural system in which it depends
Sustainable healthcare
System that protects the health of current and future generations whilst minimising its environmental and social costs
What is the largest environmental cause of disease and death
Pollution
