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foundations of medicine > Public Health And Behavioural Science > Flashcards

Public Health And Behavioural Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health

A

Health improvement
Health protection
Health services delivery

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2
Q

What are the 3 drivers of public health

A

Cost effectiveness
Population health needs
Ethics and values

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3
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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4
Q

How is burden of disease measured

A

DALYs

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5
Q

What is a DALY

A

Disability adjusted life year

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6
Q

What is a QALY

A

Quality adjusted life year

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7
Q

Define self efficacy

A

A persons confidence to perform a particular behaviour

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of eliciting change in the transtheoretical model

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

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9
Q

What does the dual processing theory suggest

A

Behaviour is controlled by 2 processes:
Deliberate or reflective
Implicit or impulsive

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10
Q

What does it mean if evidence is reliable

A

Under the same conditions, results can be replicated at another time by other people

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11
Q

What does it mean if evidence is valid

A

Variables are defines, theory base is credible and research methods are comprehensive and reliable

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12
Q

What is considered the gold standard research method

A

Randomised control trial

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13
Q

What is a meta analysis

A

Secondary analysis of primary research data

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14
Q

Phase 1 of a drug trial

A

Tests the safety and dosage of a new treatment in humans

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15
Q

Phase 2 of a drug trial

A

Tests the effectiveness and side effects of a new treatment in a specific disease

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16
Q

Phase 3 of a drug trial

A

Tests the comparison of a new treatment with a standard treatment in a larger population

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17
Q

Phase 4 of a drug trial

A

Tests the long term benefits and risks of a new treatment

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18
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

A variable associated with the outcome and the exposure where the real association may be masked or diluted

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19
Q

How is the outcome of a case control design expressed

A

An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p value

20
Q

Absolute risk

A

The number of new cases of a disease in an at risk population during a specified time period / total number of individuals in at risk population at the same time

21
Q

Relative risk

A

Absolute risk of all individuals exposed to a risk factor during a period of time / absolute risk of all individuals not exposed to a risk factor during the same time period

22
Q

Odds ratio

A

Odds of disease in a population exposed to a risk factor / odds of disease in population not exposed to a risk factor

23
Q

Relative risk score >1

A

Indicates increased possibility of health outcome occurring

24
Q

Relative risk score <1

A

Indicates reduced possibility that the health outcome will occur

25
Q

Accuracy

A

How close the results are to the true value

26
Q

Precision

A

The reproducibility of an analytical result

27
Q

Internal quality control

A

Expected results are known, actual results are compared with previous results

28
Q

External quality control

A

Samples are circulated by and external lab to lots of other labs

29
Q

Sensitivity

A

Tells you how good the test is at identifying disease

30
Q

Specificity

A

Measure of how good the test is at identifying health

31
Q

Positive predictive value

A

The percentage of people with a positive test who have the disease

32
Q

Negative predictive value

A

The percentage of people with a negative test who do not have the disease

33
Q

What is screening

A

The process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at risk of a disease or condition

34
Q

Incidence

A

The rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a population over a particular period of time

35
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular time or over a specified period of time

36
Q

How to calculate sensitivity

A

Number of results where disease is detected in people with the disease/ number of people with the disease x 100

37
Q

How to calculate specificity

A

Number of negative results where the disease is not detected in people who don’t have the disease / number of people without the disease x 100

38
Q

How to calculate positive predictive value

A

Number of people with a positive test who have the disease / number of people with a positive test result x 100

39
Q

How to calculate negative predictive value

A

Number of people who have a negative test result and don’t have the disease / number of people with a negative test result x 100

40
Q

Lead time bias

A

Survival time seems to increase due to earlier detection which may occur before symptoms

41
Q

Primary prevention

A

Aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs

42
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or an injury that has already occurred

43
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Aims to soften the impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects

44
Q

Planetary health

A

The health of human civilisation and the state of the natural system in which it depends

45
Q

Sustainable healthcare

A

System that protects the health of current and future generations whilst minimising its environmental and social costs

46
Q

What is the largest environmental cause of disease and death

A

Pollution

foundations of medicine (12 decks)

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