Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of the manner in which the function of living tissues and organs is modified by chemical substances

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to a drug

Question 3

Receptor

Answer 3

A class of macromolecules that are concerned specifically and directly with chemical signalling

Question 4

Ligand

Answer 4

A substance that is bound to a protein

Question 5

Affinity

Answer 5

The tendency of a ligand to bind to its receptor

Question 6

Agonist

Answer 6

A ligand that binds to a receptor and alters the state resulting in a biological response

Question 7

Antagonists

Answer 7

A drug that reduces or blocks the actions of an agonist by binding to the receptor

Question 8

Selectivity

Answer 8

The ability of a drug to distinguish between different molecular targets within the body

Question 9

Potency

Answer 9

The amount of drug required to produce the desired effect

Question 10

Efficacy

Answer 10

The tendency for an agonist to activate the receptor

Question 11

Partial agonist

Answer 11

Response is sub-maximal even when 100% of the receptors are occupied

Question 12

Equilibrium

Answer 12

The point at which the rate of the forward reaction and backward reaction are equal

Question 13

When is the disassociation equilibrium constant used

Answer 13

To compare the affinity of one drug to another

Question 14

What kind of curve does the hill-Langmuir equation form on a logarithmic scale

Answer 14

Sigmoidal

Question 15

What does the hill-Langmuir equation model

Answer 15

The relationship between ligand concentration and receptor occupancy

Question 16

Fractional occupancy

Answer 16

The proportion of the receptors that have been occupied

Question 17

State 1 of the 2 state model

Answer 17

The agonist binds the the receptor

Question 18

State 1 of the 2 state model

Answer 18

The agonist activates the receptor

Question 19

What governs the formation of a ligand receptor complex

Answer 19

Affinity

Question 20

What governs a receptor being activated

Answer 20

Efficacy

Question 21

What is EC50

Answer 21

The concentration of agonist that elicits half maximal effect

Question 22

When is EC50 useful

Answer 22

Determining drug potency

Question 23

Reversible competitive antagonism

Answer 23

Antagonist competes for the same binding site, can be overcome

Question 24

Can maximal response still be achieved with reversible competitive antagonism

Answer 24

YES

Question 25

Can maximal response be achieved with irreversible competitive antagonism

Answer 25

NO

Question 26

Where does the antagonist bind in non-competitive antagonism

Answer 26

Allosteric site

Question 27

Chemical antagonism

Answer 27

The antagonist combines in solution directly with the chemical being antagonised

Question 28

Physiological antagonism

Answer 28

2 antagonists produce opposing physiological actions and cancel each other out

Question 29

Pharmacokinetic antagonism

Answer 29

Antagonist reduces the concentration of the active drug at its site of action

Question 30

State the 4 main types of receptors

Answer 30

Ligand gated ion channels G protein coupled receptors Kinase linked receptors Nuclear receptors

Question 31

Give an example of a ligand gated ion channel

Answer 31

Nicotinic ACh receptor

Question 32

Give an example of a G coupled receptor

Answer 32

Muscarinic ACh receptor

Question 33

Give an example of a kinase linked receptor

Answer 33

Cytokines receptor

Question 34

Give an exam pls of a nuclear receptor

Answer 34

Oestrogen receptor

Question 35

Where are ligand gated ion channels found

Answer 35

Plasma membrane

Question 36

Sequence of action of a ligand gated ion channel (3)

Answer 36

Agonist binds to receptor and causes a conformational change Ion channel opens Ions flow through channel down electrochemical gradient

Question 37

Name 3 drugs that act as agonists at nicotinic ACh receptors

Answer 37

Acetylcholine Nicotine Varenicline

Question 38

a1 adrencoeptors role

Answer 38

Activation of phospholipase C

Question 39

a1 adrenoceptors effect

Answer 39

Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels

Question 40

a2 adrenoceptors role

Answer 40

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

Question 41

a2 adrenoceptors effect (2)

Answer 41

Presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline in the CNS relaxation of the GI tract

Question 42

b1,2 and 3 adrenoceptors role

Answer 42

Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase

Question 43

b1 adrenoceptor effect (2)

Answer 43

Increased heart rate and cardiac contraction

Question 44

b2 adrenoceptors role (3)

Answer 44

Dilation of the bronchi Increased heart rate and cardiac muscle contraction

Question 45

b3 adrenoceptors effect (2)

Answer 45

Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle Lipolysis

Question 46

Where are G protein coupled receptors found

Answer 46

Plasma membrane

Question 47

How is a G coupled receptor activated (4)

Answer 47

Agonist binds causing conformational change G protein binds with receptor a subunit releases GDP and GTP binds in its place a subunit dissociates from receptor and combines with effector to modify its activity

Question 48

How do you turn off G coupled protein receptors (2)

Answer 48

a subunit acts as an enzyme and hydrolyses GTP to GDP Recombines with its subunit

Question 49

What are kinase linked receptors associated with

Answer 49

An enzyme

Question 50

Where are kinase linked receptors found

Answer 50

Plasma membrane

Question 51

What is the ligand for a mineralocorticoid receptor

Answer 51

Aldosterone

Question 52

What is the ligand for a glucocorticoid receptor

Answer 52

Cortisol

Question 53

Where are nuclear receptors found

Answer 53

Nucleus or cytoplasm