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foundations of medicine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Splits the body into left and right

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2
Q

Coronal plane

A

Splits the body into front and back

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3
Q

Transverse plane

A

Splits the body up into top and bottom

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4
Q

Anterior

A

Front of the body

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5
Q

Posterior

A

Back of the body

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6
Q

Superior

A

Near the top of the head

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Near the soles of the feet

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8
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the body

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11
Q

Distal

A

Further from the attachment of the limb to the body

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12
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to the surface of the body

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13
Q

Deep

A

Further from the surface of the body

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14
Q

Unilateral

A

Found on one side of

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15
Q

Bilateral

A

Found on both sides

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Found on the same side

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17
Q

Contralateral

A

Found on the opposite side of the body

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18
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between bones at a joint

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19
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between bones at a joint

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20
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the median plane

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the median plane

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22
Q

Medial rotation

A

Anterior surface of the limb rotates towards the median plane

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23
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Anterior surface of the limb rotates away from the median plane

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24
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement at a joint

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25
Q

Elevation

A

Superior movement

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26
Q

Depression

A

Inferior movement

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27
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement

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28
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement

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29
Q

Eversion of the foot

A

Sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane

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30
Q

Inversion of the foot

A

The sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane

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31
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Upwards flexion of the foot

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32
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Downward movement of the foot

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33
Q

How often do skin cells regenerate

A

Every 3 months

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34
Q

How often do red blood cells regenerate

A

120 days

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35
Q

Sympathetic tone

A

Background, low level contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

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36
Q

What causes sympathetic tone

A

Tonic production of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

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37
Q

Anastomoses

A

Where arteries connect to each other without an intervening capillary network

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38
Q

Significance of an anastomoses

A

Provides collateral routes for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion

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39
Q

End artery

A

Only arterial blood supply to a given area

40
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid in the lymphatic tissues

41
Q

Where does the majority of lymph drain to

A

The left venous angle

42
Q

Where does lymph from the right lymphatic duct drain

A

Right venous angle

43
Q

Where does lymph from the thoracic duct drain

A

Left venous angle

44
Q

Describe the basic upper limb blood supply (4)

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. Axillary artery
  3. Brachial artery
  4. Bifurcates into radial and ulnar artery
45
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rough area of bone where muscles attach

46
Q

How many vertebrae do we have

A

33

47
Q

Order the different types of vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

48
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

49
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

50
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

51
Q

How many sacral vertebrae

A

5

52
Q

What do sacral vertebrae fuse to form

A

Sacrum

53
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae

A

4

54
Q

What do coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form

A

Coccyx

55
Q

Name C1

A

Atlas

56
Q

What’s special about C1

A

Doesn’t have a body or a spinous process, has posterior and anterior arch instead

57
Q

Name C2

A

Axis

58
Q

What’s special about C2

A

Has an odontoid process

59
Q

Name C7

A

Vertebrae prominens

60
Q

What makes C7 special

A

Arteries don’t tend to pass through

61
Q

Facet joint

A

Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

62
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have

A

12

63
Q

What are the 3 types of ribs

A

True, false and floating

64
Q

What are the true ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

65
Q

What are the false ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

66
Q

What are the floating ribs

A

Ribs 11+12

67
Q

Where do true ribs attach

A

Via their costal cartilage to the sternum

68
Q

Where do false ribs attach

A

Via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

69
Q

Where do floating ribs attach

A

NO ATTACHMENT

70
Q

Why is rib 1 the least likely to fracture

A

Protected by the clavicle

71
Q

What’s involved in the pectoral girdle

A

Scapulae and clavicles

72
Q

What’s involved in the pelvic girdle

A

Hip bones and the sacrum

73
Q

State the 3 types of joints

A

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

74
Q

Pivot joints

A

> 45 degree rotation

75
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Good ranges of multi-axial movement

76
Q

Plane joints

A

Minimal movement in one plane

77
Q

Hinge joints

A

Reasonable range of movement in one plane

78
Q

Biaxial joints

A

Reasonable ROM in one plane and less in another

79
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Atlanto-axial joint

80
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Hip joint

81
Q

Give an example of a plane joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

82
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow joint

83
Q

Give an example of a biaxial joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

84
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

85
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Symphyses

86
Q

State the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles

87
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Unites bones with fibrous sheet

88
Q

Sutures

A

Between bones of the skull

89
Q

Fontanelles

A

Wide sutures in the neonatal skull

90
Q

Subluxation

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

91
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

92
Q

Paralysis

A

A muscle without functioning motor nerve supply

93
Q

Spasticity

A

The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve but controls from the brain aren’t working

94
Q

Atrophy

A

Wasting muscles

95
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Muscle enlarges

foundations of medicine (12 decks)

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