Public Health Flashcards
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Smoking, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, thrombogenic factors, physical activity, alcohol consumption
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Personal history of coronary heart disease, family history of coronary heart disease, age, gender
Which score can be used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease?
ASSIGN score
What headings does the ASSIGN score cover?
Age, sex, smoking, systolic BP, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, family history of premature CVD, diagnosis of diabetes, diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, deprivation
Primary prevention
Reduce incidence in a population
Secondary prevention
Detection and treatment of pre-symptomatic disease
Tertiary prevention
Reduces incidence/recurrences of chronic incapacity among those with symptomatic disease
Risk factor modifications
Lose weight if overweight, limit alcohol intake, increase physical activity, reduce salt intake, stop smoking, limit intake of foods rich in fat and cholesterol
Exercise goals for adults
At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more a week, or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity a week. Also physical activity that improves muscle strength on at least 2 days a week
Reasons for worse cardiovascular outcomes for women
Atypical and delayed presentation and diagnosis, lack of awareness of risk and symptoms of coronary artery disease in women, assessment bias, treatment bias, biological basis
Structural features of coronary artery disease in women
Smaller size, increased stiffness, more diffuse disease
Symptoms reported by women having a myocardial infarction rather than pain
Pressure, aching, tightness, SOB, weakness, fatigue, body aches, nausea, vomiting
Symptoms that can occur in women up to a month before a myocardial infarction
Fatigue, sleep disturbance, SOB, anxiety, indigestion, palpitations
Emerging risk factors in women for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Preterm delivery, pregnancy related hypertension, gestational diabetes, autoimmune disease, early menopause, depression
Symptoms of menopause that can contribute to a higher cardiovascular disease risk
Increase in blood pressure, increase in cholesterol, inactivity, weight gain, depression, socio-economic factors
