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Medicine Cardiovascular > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the circulatory system (5)

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
  • Transport CO2 and other metabolic waste away from tissues
  • Temperature regulation
  • Distribution of hormones and immune cells
  • Reproductive function in males (penile erection)
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2
Q

3 layers of blood vessels, from inner layer to outer layer

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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3
Q

Tunica intima:

  • What does it consist of?
  • What is it separated from the tunica media by?
A
  • Consists of single layer of squamous epithelial cells (endothelial cells) supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue
  • Layer of elastic tissue called internal elastic membrane
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4
Q

Tunica media:

  • What is it made up of?
  • What is it separated from the tunica adventitia by?
A
  • Made up predominantly of smooth muscle, of which the thickness varies
  • Layer of elastic tissue called external elastic membrane
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5
Q

Tunica adventitia:

- What is it made up of?

A

Supporting connective tissues separated by elastic lamina

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6
Q

Why are the largest arteries called elastic arteries?

A

They have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

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7
Q

Arterioles:

  • Describe tunica media and adventitia in arterioles
  • Typical diameter
A
  • Only one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia
  • 30-200 microns
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8
Q

Capillaries:

  • What are they composed of?
  • Typical diameter
A
  • Endothelial cells and basal lamina

- 4-8 microns

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9
Q

Pericytes in capillaries

A

Connective tissue cells that have contractile properties found at intervals just outside the basal lamina

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10
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries (more common), fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries

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11
Q

Continuous capillaries:

- Where are they found?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, lung, skin, nerve

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12
Q

Fenestrated capillaries:

  • What do they contain in their wall?
  • Where are the found?
A
  • 50nm pores in the wall

- Mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands, glomeruli of the kidneys

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13
Q

Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries:

  • What do they contain?
  • Describe the basal lamina
  • Where are they found?
A
  • Large gaps through which macromolecules and sometimes even cells can pass
  • Discontinuous or absent basal lamina
  • Found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
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14
Q

What do capillary networks drain into and what size are these?

A

Post-capillary venules which are about 10-30 microns

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15
Q

Structure of post-capillary venules

A

Endothelial lined with a thin layer of connective tissue and occasional pericytes

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16
Q

When do post-capillary venules become venules?

A

Once the vessel begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in a tunica media layer

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17
Q

Size of venules

A

generally >50 microns

18
Q

Describe tunica media in veins

A

Relatively thin but continuous tunica media, typically consisting of a few layers of smooth muscle

19
Q

What are valves?

A

Inward extensions of the tunica intima

20
Q

Tunica media in arteries compared to veins

A

It is much thicker

21
Q

3 layers of the heart inner to outer

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

22
Q

Endocardium:

  • What does it consist of??
  • Where is it present?
A
  • Consists of a layer of endothelial cells backed by connective tissue
  • Lines the entire surface of the heart including the valves
23
Q

Myocardium:

- What does it consist of?

A

Thick coat of muscle cells and bundles of layers of contractile cardiac muscle fibres

24
Q

What are individual muscle fibres in the myocardium surrounded by?

A

Delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a rich network of capillaries

25
Q

Epicardium:

  • What does it consist of?
  • Where is it?
A
  • A single layer of flattened epithelium called mesothelium, basal lamina, fibroelastic connective tissue and in some places, connective tissue
  • On the surface of the heart
26
Q

2 parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

27
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Sac of touch fibrocollagenous connective tissue

28
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Simple layer of simple squamous epithelium backed by basal lamina and connective tissue

29
Q

2 types of serous pericardium and what they cover

A

Parietal serous pericardium - lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium - covers the surface of the heart

30
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart:

  • What is it formed by?
  • Where is it?
  • What does it do?
A
  • Formed by thick bands of fibrous connective tissue
  • Around the heart valves, between the atria and between the ventricles
  • Supports the valves and provides attachment for the cardiac muscle fibres
31
Q

Heart valves:

- Outer layer, middle layer and core

A
  • Outer layer endothelial layer with basal lamina
  • Layer of collagen and elastic fibres
  • Core of dense connective tissue called lamina fibrosa that is in continuity with the fibrous skeleton
32
Q

3 types of cardiac muscle cells

A

Contractile cells, pacemaker cells, conducting cells

33
Q

What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are contractile cells?

A

99%

34
Q

Functions of the fibrous skeleton

A

Provides physical support to the heart and electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles

35
Q

Where are purkinje fibres found?

A

Subendocardial layer just deep to the endocardium

36
Q

What do purkinje fibres contain?

A

Abundant glycogen, sparse actin and myosin filaments which tend to be found at the periphery of cell

37
Q

What do purkinje fibres do?

A

Distribute excitatory activity such that ventricular contraction generally occurs from inferior to superior

38
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid into the bloodstream

39
Q

What does interstitial fluid contain?

A

Ions, lipids, protein and occasional cells

40
Q

How is flow produced in lymphatic vessels?

A

Hydrostatic pressure within the tissue and compression of the tissue by voluntary muscle, combined with valves in the vessels, produce flow

Medicine Cardiovascular (24 decks)

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