Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

In surgical removal of the heart, which organ must you remove first?

A

The lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which nerves pass anterior to the root of the lung?

A

Phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

First step in removing the heart (after lungs are removed)

A

Make an incision in the fibrous pericardium. This is tough and you will have to cut through it with scissors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Cavity between the two layers of pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 layers of pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium - tough, protective layer

Serous pericardium - thin layer which secretes pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Haemopericardium

A

When the peritoneal cavity fills with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

When the pressure around the heart prevents cardiac contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 layers of serous pericardium

A

Visceral serous pericardium - in contact with the heart

Parietal serous pericardium - in contact with the walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Second step in removing the heart

A

Rotate the heart forwards a little out of the pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pericardiocentesis:

  • What is it?
  • Describe the procedure
A
  • Drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity
  • Needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly towards the pericardial sac, aspirating continuously.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In pericardiocentesis, how do you know that you are in the pericardial sac and are beginning to clear blood from the pericardium?

A

When the syringe begins to fill with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus:

  • Where is it?
  • Why is this of use to cardiac surgeons?
A
  • A space within the pericardial cavity posterosuperiorly. It lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • Cardiac surgeons use this to identify and isolate the great vessels in order to commence cardiopulmonary bypass for open heart surgery. The surgeons fingertip emerges from the sinus anterior to the SVC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinically important surfaces of the heart (3)

A

Anterior (sternocostal) surface
Base (posterior) surface
Inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinically important borders of the heart (4)

A

Right (lateral) border
Left (lateral) border
Inferior border
Superior border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do you usually palpate the apex beat?

A

The 5th intercostal space midclavicular line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What forms the superior vena cava

A

Brachiocephalic veins which are formed by the internal jugular and subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Auricles of the heart

A

Extensions of the atria and this is to do with maximal filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vein that separates base of the heart from the diaphragmatic surface

A

Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Coronary arteries are the arterial blood supply to what?

A

Epicardium and myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

The ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

First branches of the aorta

A

Coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens if a coronary artery becomes blocked?

A

Myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the right coronary artery?

A

In the right atrioventricular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Branches of the right coronary artery

A 
Right marginal artery (supplies right hand margin of heart)
Posterior descending (interventricular) artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the left coronary artery?

A

In the left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk and left auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery

A

Left anterior descending, which gives off the lateral (diagonal) branch
Left marginal
Circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the circumflex artery anastomose with?

A

The right coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Coronary sinus:

  • What is it?
  • Where is it?
  • What does it do?
A
  • Short venous conduit
  • Atrioventricular groove
  • Receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into right atrium. Venous blood rains into the coronary sinus and back towards right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Surface features of grooves in the heart (2)

A

Surface groove and atrioventricular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What divides the heart into two sides?

A

Septum (internal muscular wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Part of septum between 2 atria:

  • What is it called?
  • What is its position indicated by?
A
  • Interatrial septum

- Interatrial groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Part of septum between 2 ventricles:

  • What is it called?
  • What is its position indicated by?
A
  • Interventricular septum

- Interventricular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Hole in the interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Hole in the inter ventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Problem with septal defect in the heart

A

Mixing of venous and arterial blood which can lead to hyperaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What differentiates the smooth part of the right atrium from the rough part?

A

Crista terminalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pulmonary valve:

  • Where is it?
  • How many cusps does it have?
  • Name the cusps
A
  • Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  • 3 cusps
  • Right cusp, left cusp, anterior cusp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tricuspid valve:

  • Where is it?
  • How many cusps does it have?
  • Name the cusps
A
  • Between right atrium and right ventricle
  • 3 cusps
  • Anterior cusp, posterior cusp, septal cusp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mitral (bicuspid) valve:

  • Where is it?
  • How many cusps does it have?
  • Name the cusps
A
  • Between left atrium and left ventricle
  • 2 cusps
  • Anterior cusp, posterior cusp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Aortic valve:

  • Where is it?
  • How many cusps?
  • Name the cusps
  • What other structure does it contain?
A
  • Between the left ventricle and aorta
  • 3 cusps
  • Right cusp, left cusp, posterior cusp
  • Sinuses (spaces between cusps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Leaflet valves

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves. Shaped like a flat leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves. Shaped like a half moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which valves have ‘pockets’ and what is the function of these ‘pockets’?

A

Semi-lunar valves. Catch blood as it tries to flow back through the valve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Papillary muscles:

- What do they do?

A
  • Attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves and prevent prolapse of the valves when they are opening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of the moderator band

A

Carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of anterior cusp. Provides a shortcut for electrical activity to the anterior capillary muscle to ensure coordination in contraction of papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do the sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent nerves reach the heart?

A

Via the cardiac plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where do the presynaptic sympathetic fibres from the brain exit the spinal cord?

A

In one of T2-L2/3 spinal nerves

48
Q

What things can presynaptic sympathetic fibres do after they exit the spinal cord? (5)

A
  • Go straight to the ganglion of that level and synapse
  • Travel superiorly in the sympathetic chain to another ganglion and synapse
  • Travel inferiorly in the sympathetic chain to another ganglion and synapse
  • Pass straight through the sympathetic chain ganglion without synapsing, as abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves to synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia of the abdomen
  • Pass straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing as an abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve
49
Q

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

A

Sympathetic nerves to heart and lungs

50
Q

Route taken by postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres to the heart

A
  • Travel in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to essentially midline organ e.g. heart where there will be bilateral sympathetic innervation
51
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

Sympathetic fibres, parasympathetic fibres, visceral afferent fibres

52
Q

Parasympathetic signals reach the organs via which cranial nerves?

A

CN III (oculomotor nerve), CN VII (facial nerve), CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), CN X (vagus nerve)

53
Q

What are baroreceptor afferents relayed via?

A

Vagus nerve

54
Q

What is the sensory information of the heart relayed via?

A

Visceral afferents

55
Q

Potential somatic sources of central chest pain

A

Muscular, joint, bony, intervertebral disc, fibrous pericardial, nerve

56
Q

Nature of somatic pain

A

Typically sharp, stabbing, well localised

57
Q

Potential visceral sources of central chest pain

A

Heart and great vessels, trachea, oesophagus, abdominal visceral

58
Q

Nature of visceral pain

A

Dull, aching, nauseating, poorly localised

59
Q

Radiating pain in from the chest

A

Pain felt in the centre of chest and is felt spreading from there

60
Q

Where can chest pain radiate to?

A

Upper limbs, back, neck, jaw

61
Q

Referred pain in the chest

A

Pain felt only at a site remote from area of tissue damage in the chest

62
Q

Where can referred pain from the chest be felt?

A

Upper limbs, back, neck

63
Q

Pain pathway with a painful prod

A
  • Painful prod (pain associated with body wall)
  • Skin mechanoreceptors stimulated in right T5 dermatome
  • Signal relayed from anterior ramus, to spinal nerve T5, then will pass to the posterior root, posterior rootlets and then the spinal cord
  • When in spinal cord, the fibres will cross spinal cord to the other side
  • Sensation reaches consciousness at the cerebral cortex
64
Q

Is the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe somatosensory or somatomotor?

A

Somatosensory

65
Q

What do action potentials arriving in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe do?

A

Bring somatic sensations into consciousness

66
Q

What do action potentials arriving in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe do?

A

Bring about contractions of somatic skeletal muscle

67
Q

Is the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe somatosensory or somatomotor?

A

Somatomotor

68
Q

Somatic central chest pain sources

A

Herpes zoster (shingles), muscle, joint and bone, parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium

69
Q

Shingles developing at what dermatome can present with somatic central chest pain?

A

T5/T5

70
Q

Muscle, joint and bone causes of somatic central chest pain

A

Pectoralis major or intercostal muscle strain, dislocated costochondral joint, costovertebral joint, ‘slipped’ thoracic intervertebral disc

71
Q

Parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium causes of somatic central chest pain

A

Pleurisy, pericarditis

72
Q

Visceral central chest pain sources

A

Inflammation of any organ:

  • Trachea (tracheitis)
  • Oesophagus (oesophagitis)
  • Aorta (ruptured aneurysm of aortic arch)
  • Heart (angina and myocardial infarction)
  • Abdominal viscerae (astritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis etc)
73
Q

Subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle, sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm

74
Q

Which part of the lung does the vagus nerve pass?

A

Behind the hilum of the lung

75
Q

Best way to find the vagus nerve on the right side of the lung

A

Look for the trachea on the lateral surface

76
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain into?

A

Intercostal spaces

77
Q

Where does the azygous vein run?

A

Behind the trachea but also crosses over the top of the root of the lung into the SVC

78
Q

How do pain signals from the organs reach the brain and CNS?

A

Visceral afferents pass bilaterally to the thalamus and hypothalamus and then diffuse areas of the cortex

79
Q

In radiating pain, where does the pain radiate along?

A

The affected dermatome(s)

80
Q

What is referred pain due to?

A

Afferent fibres from soma and afferent fibres from viscera entering the spinal cord at the same levels

81
Q

In most patients, which coronary artery supplies most of the heart?

A

Right coronary artery

82
Q

Triple vessel disease:

  • Which coronary arteries are affected?
  • How is this treated?
A
  • Left anterior descending, right coronary artery, circumflex branch of left coronary artery
  • Triple bypass
83
Q

Commonly used grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting

A

Radial artery, internal thoracic artery, great saphenous vein

84
Q

Mediastinum

A

The area that lies between the lungs

85
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

Everything above the transverse thoracic plane

86
Q

What is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

Ribs 1, T1 vertebra and the jugular notch

87
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Between the sternal angle and T4/5 intervertebral disc

88
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum?

A

Between the sternum and the fibrous pericardium

89
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

Everything contained in the pericardial sac:

  • Pericardium
  • Heart
  • Inferior part of SVC
  • Superior part of IV
  • Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Ascending aorta
90
Q

What is in the superior posterior mediastinum?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea, the vagus nerves, the azygous vein

91
Q

What is in the inferior posterior mediastinum?

A

Azygous vein, sympathetic chains/trunks, thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, oesophagus, both vagal trunks (branches of vagus nerves)

92
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain blood from?

A

The intercostal spaces. Blood drains from intercostal vein, to azygous vein, to SVC

93
Q

Where do the right and left lymphatic ducts drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct drains into right venous angle

Left lymphatic duct drains into left venous angle

94
Q

Where is the thoracic duct?

A

Between the oesophagus and the azygous vein - ‘duck between two gooses’

95
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Left venous angle to drain lymph back into the body

96
Q

Venous angle

A

Angle formed between the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein

97
Q

What is the larynx supplied by?

A

Vagus nerve

98
Q

When does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

When it passes through the diaphragm

99
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

The remnants of the ductus arteriosus

100
Q

Structures found in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A 
Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
Arch of aorta
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct
101
Q

Structures found in the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial

A

Phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, recurrent pharyngeal nerves

102
Q

What are central veins?

A

Veins close enough to the heart such that the pressure within them is said to reflect the pressure in the right atrium

103
Q

Which veins are central veins?

A

Internal jugular veins, subclavian veins, brachiocephalic veins, SVC, right atrium, IVC, iliac veins, femoral veins

104
Q

Which veins are the most common access points in central venous cannulation?

A

Internal jugular veins and femoral veins

105
Q

What are phrenic nerves formed from?

A

Combined anterior rami of cervical spine 3, 4 and 5

106
Q

Phrenic nerves:

  • Somatic motor to what?
  • Somatic sensory to what? (4)
A
  • Somatic motor to the diaphragm
  • Somatic sensory to mediastinal parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium, diaphragmatic parietal pleura, diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
107
Q

Great arteries in the mediastinum

A

Right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

108
Q

Why can diaphragmatic pathology present as shoulder tip pain?

A

Pain from the diaphragm irritates the parietal peritoneum that is supplied by the phrenic nerve. The supraclavicular nerves supply the dermatomes over the shoulder tip and enter the spinal cord at the same levels as the phrenic nerve. The brain refers to the pain in the more superficial structure - the skin on the shoulder tip

109
Q

What are recurrent pharyngeal nerves?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx

110
Q

Post-cardiac arrest syndrome

A

Post-cardiac arrest brain injury, post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction, systemic ischaemia/reperfusion response, persisting precipitating pathology

111
Q

Goal of post-resuscitation care

A

To restore quality of life, normal cerebral perfusion/function, normal perfusion/function of other organs, stable cardiac rhythm

112
Q

What temperature should unconscious adults with return of spontaneous circulation be cooled to?

A

32-36 degrees C

113
Q

Pre-arrest factors that reduce the odds of survival after a cardiac arrest

A

Male, ≥60 years old, active malignancy, chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Intra-arrest factors that increase the odds of survival after a cardiac arrest

A

Witnessed arrest, monitored arrest, arrested during daytime hours and had initial shockable rhythm

115
Q

Intra-arrest factors that reduce the odds of survival after a cardiac arrest

A

Intubation during arrest and duration of resuscitation ≥15 mins

Medicine Cardiovascular (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions