Public Health

Question 1

Modifiable risk factors of cancers of different parts of GI tract?

Answer 1

Oesophagus- body fatness and alcoholic drinks
Stomach- body fatness, alcohol, foods preserved by salting
Liver- Aflatoxins, Alcoholic drinks and Body Fatness
Colon and rectum- increased risk with eating processed meat, alcoholic drinks, body fatness and decreased risk with physical activity

Question 2

What plays a big role in protection and should still be encouraged even after peoples colorectal cancer has gone?

Answer 2

exercise

Question 3

Current guidelines for eating red meat?

Answer 3

“Adults who eat more than 90g of red and processed meat a day should reduce their intake to 70g a day, which is the average daily consumption in the UK.”

Question 4

Alcohol guidelines?

Answer 4

14 units a week
2 units a day
At least two days free of alcohol
A binge drink is 8 units in a single session

Question 5

Definition of malnutrition?

Answer 5

A state of nutrition in which a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue, body form (body shape, size and composition), function and clinical outcome.

Question 6

Who needs nutritional support?

Answer 6

• BMI <18.5
• Unintentional weight loss >10% within the last 3–6 months
• BMI <20 and unintentional weight loss >5% within the last 3–6 months
• Have eaten or are likely to eat little or nothing for more than 5 days or longer
• Poor absorptive capacity and/or high nutrient losses and/or increased nutritional needs from causes such as catabolism

Question 7

Indications for enteral tube feeding?

Answer 7

•	Inadequate or unsafe oral intake, and a functional, accessible gastrointestinal tract
Contraindications include: 
•	Lower gastrointestinal obstruction
•	Prolonged intestinal ileus
•	Severe diarrhoea or vomiting
•	High enterocutaneous fistula
•	Intestinal ischaemia

Question 8

Indications for parenteral feeding?

Answer 8

– inadequate or unsafe oral and/or enteral nutritional intake
– a non-functional, inaccessible or perforated (leaking) gastrointestinal tract

Question 9

How do different ages of people die from alcohol? What age group is the biggest effect proportionally on?

Answer 9

• In young people 16-34 people die from accidents, self harm or alcohol poisoning
• In middle aged 34-64 people die from alcohol related liver disease
• In older age groups people die from alcohol related cancers
• The proportion affected is biggest in the youngest people

Question 10

Where has all the increase in alcohol consumption been? What account for the difference between scotland and england?

Answer 10

• Almost all extra consumption is due to rises in off sales- pub sales haven’t changed much
• Vodka accounts for the main difference in sales between Scotland and England

Question 11

Minimum alcohol price in scotland?

Answer 11

50p per 10mls pure alcohol

Question 12

Normal BMI?

Answer 12

18.5 to 25

Question 13

Exercise reccomendations?

Answer 13

at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity such as cycling or brisk walking every week and
strength exercises on 2 or more days a week that work all the major muscles (legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders and arms)
Or:
75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity such as running or a game of singles tennis every week and
strength exercises on 2 or more days a week that work all the major muscles (legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders and arms)