Anatomy Flashcards
What is mastication?
The process of chewing
At what joint does movement of opening and closing the jaw come from?
The Temporomandibular Joint
What are the four muscles of mastication? Do they open or close the mouth?
Temporalis muscle (close) Lateral Pterygoid (open) Medial pterygoid (close) Masseter (close)
Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?
Between superficial fascia and fascial skeleton
What muscle prevents drooling? Describe it
Orbicularis Oris
Circular muscle surrounding the mouth
Lays within the lips
Prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing
Where does temporalis muscle go from?
Coronoid process (bit at front side) of mandible to temporal fossa (bit on temporal bone)
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle go from?
Condyle of mandible (bit at back side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle go from?
Angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
Where does the masseter muscle go from?
Angle of mandible to zygomatic arch
Describe the two cavities of the temporomandibular joint?
Two cavities divided by an articular disc;
- Superior cavity for translation
- Inferior cavity for rotation
What nerve are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve- CN V3
CNV3 is the only nerve that comes from the ___1_____, through ____2_____ to muscles of mastication and sensory area.
1) pons
2) foramen ovale
The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is supplied by what nerve?
Glossopharyngeal CN lV
The anterior 2/3 of the tongue taste is supplied by?
Facial nerve- Vll
Anterior 2/3 of tongue general sensation is supplied by?
CN V3
Taste buds lie on _________
Only papillae that don’t have taste buds are ________
papillae
filiform papillae at the front
What does the facial nerve supply?
- Taste ant. 2/3rds tongue
- Muscles of facial expression
- Glands in floor of mouth
Describe the route of the facial nerve
- From Pontomedullary junction
* Travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
What is the superior half of the gingiva of oral cavity and palate general sensation supplied by?
CN V2
What is the inferior half of the gingiva of oral cavity and palate general sensation supplied by?
CN V3
What is the gag reflex?
A protective reflex that prevents foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx
The sensory part (or “limb”) of the gag reflex is carried by nerve fibres within ___1______
The motor part (or “limb”) is carried by nerve fibres within ______2______
1) CN IX
2) CN IX and CN X
Spraying a local anaesthetic into the mouth will therefore block sensory action potentials of what nerves?
CN V2, CN V3, CN VII and CN IX
What is CN V2 and CN V3?
CN V3 = the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
CN V2= the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
The course of CN V2?
- From pons
- Through foramen rotundum
- To sensory area (mid-face)
The course of CN lX- glossopharyngeal?
From medulla
Through jugular foramen
To posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secretomotor) and post. 1/3rd Tongue (Sensation and Taste)
3 pairs of salivary glands? What are they innervated by?
Parotid- lX
Submandibular- Vll
Sublingual- Vll
Describe the route of the parotid gland?
Crosses face secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar
Describe the route of the submandibular gland?
Enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle
Describe the route of the sublingual gland?
Lays in floor of mouth secretes via several ducts superiorly
What are the four pairs of skeletal intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
All tongue muscles are innervated by what? Except what muscle?
CN Xll hypoglossal
EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS
Hypoglossal motor course?
From medulla
Through hypoglossal canal
To extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue (except palatoglossus)
Where does the oesophagus begin?
Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle (vertebral level C6)
Oesophageal ____1____ runs on surface to supply smooth muscle within its walls (distally)
Contains parasympathetic nerve fibres (vagal trunks) and sympathetic nerve fibres
These fibres influence _________2___________
1) plexus
2) the enteric nervous system to speed up (P) or slow down(S) peristalsis
What heart chamber is the oesophagus in contact with?
The left atrium
What factors produce the physiological sphincter of the lower oesophageal sphincter?
Contraction of diaphragm
Intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure
Oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of stomach
Just before the stomach at the sphincter what change is there?
abrupt change in mucosa- the Z line- you know in endoscopy that you are about to go into the stomach
The oesophagus penetrates the diaphragm at what level?
T10 vertebral level
What are the organs of the foregut?
Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
Liver + gall bladder
Spleen
½ of pancreas
What are the organs of the midgut?
Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of Transverse colon
½ of pancreas
What are the organs of the hindgut?
Distal 1/3rd of Transverse colon to Proximal ½ of Anal canal
List the 9 regions and 4 quadrants of the abdomen
9 regions Right hypochondrium Left hypochonrdrium Epigastric Right Lumbar Left Lumbar Umbilical Right Inguinal Left Inguinal Pubic
4 quadrants
Right and Left Upper
Right and Left Lower
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles __________ the abdominal organs when injury threatens
contract to guard
What is the peritoneum?
The peritoneum is a thin, transparent, semi-permeable, serous membrane
It lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and organs
It has visceral and parietal layers and between a peritoneal cavity that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid as the gut moves a lot.
If an organ is intraperitoneal what does this mean?
These organs are almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum, they are invaginated into the closed sac.
What does it mean if an organ is retroperitoneal?
Only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface
Located in the retroperitoneum
What does it mean if an organ has mesentery?
Covered in visceral peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer – mesentery
Mesentery suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall – very mobile
Have a core of connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels, nerve, lymph nodes and fat
Five things that are intraperitoneal?
Liver + gall bladder Stomach Spleen (not GI Tract- Lymphatic) Parts of small intestine Transverse colon
Five things that are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys (not GI Tract - Renal) Adrenal gland (not GI Tract – Endocrine) Pancreas Ascending colon Descending colon
What are peritoneal ligaments?
Double layer of peritoneum connect organs to one another or body wall
What is omentum?
Double layer of peritoneum that passes from stomach to adjacent organs
Name some mesenteries
‘The Mesentery proper’ – of small intestine
Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
Mesoappendix
Describe the greater omentum
Four-layered
Hangs like apron
Attaches the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
Describe the lesser omentum
Double-layered
Runs between lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver
Has a free edge
The omenta divide the peritoneal cavity into________1_______. The lesser sac is much smaller
The two sacs communicate through the ______2_______
The ____3_____ lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
1) a greater and lesser sac
2) Omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)
3) portal triad (hepatic artery, vein and bile duct)
What ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
Falciform ligament
What ligament connects the liver to the stomach?
The hepatogastric ligament
What ligament connects the liver to the duodenum?
The hepatoduodenal ligament
The hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament are
continuous parts of the lesser omentum and are separated only for descriptive convenience