Hernia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Weakness in the abdominal wall where things push into the outside

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2
Q

Causes of hernias?

A

Anatomical areas that have weakness as structures exit through an opening in the cavity
Inherited collagen disorders
Sites where surgical incisions are made

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3
Q

What are the types of abdominal hernia that always need surgery?

A

Para-umbilical and umbilical

Femoral

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4
Q

What causes epigastric hernia?

A

A fascial defect in the lineament alba between the typhoid process and the umbilicus causes these

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5
Q

Main presentation of epigastric hernia?

A

A midline bump as usually they don’t cause pain

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6
Q

What will the symptoms be of an incarcerated hernia involving the bowel?

A

Vomiting, constipation, abdominal distension, if the bowel dies there will also be severe pain

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7
Q

What are para umbilical and umbilical hernias usually due to?

A

Stretching of the abdominal wall, obesity, multiple pregnancies or ascites

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8
Q

How do para umbilical and umbilical hernia usually present?

A

With pain

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9
Q

Management of para umbilical and umbilical hernia?

A

They do not resolve spontaneously and there is a high risk of incarceration and strangulation so management is pretty much always surgical

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10
Q

What causes inguinal hernias?

A

The inguinal canal is an anatomical area of weakness. Many men who develop these also have a patent processes vaginalis which allows communication between the peritoneum and the scrotum.

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11
Q

Two types of inguinal hernia?

A

Direct- pushes through the superficial ring

Indirect- goes through both the superficial and deep ring

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12
Q

Presentation of inguinal hernia?

A

Groin swelling that disappears when lying down, the swelling is above and medial to the pubic tubercle, there is palpable cough impulse on examination.

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13
Q

Inguinal hernias can be managed….

A

surgically or non-surgically

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14
Q

Who are femoral hernias more common in?

A

Ladies- the risk increases with age

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15
Q

How are femoral hernias treated and why?

A

Management is always surgical as these hernias are small so there is a bigger risk of strangulation

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16
Q

What are predisposing factors to developing an incisional hernia?

A

wound complications (infection), inherited collagen abnormalities, advanced age, smoking, obesity, malignancy and bad surgical technique

17
Q

Management of incisional hernias?

A

Can be left alone if not causing problems however many people want them fixed and this can done surgically but there is a high rate of recurrence

18
Q

Are Spigelian hernia common or rare? How are they usually confirmed?

A

They are rare and usually confirmed by CT

19
Q

Explain how spigelian hernia form?

A

Between the rectus abdomens and the semi lunar line there is a spigelian fascia and where there is weakness a hernia can form.

20
Q

Where does lumbar hernia form? How are they fixed?

A

In the superior and inferior lumbar triangles

Fixed by open surgery

21
Q

What are parastomal hernia caused by?

A

Weakness around stomas