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BDS2 PMHP > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Types of services required to treat problems (3)

A

Treatment
Screening/anticipatory care
Prevention (social/environmental)

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2
Q

Definition of anticipatory care (2)

A

Planned intervention to achieve early diagnosis and/or treatment of a condition which may not yet be producing symptoms or recognised as producing symptoms

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3
Q

Definition of public health (3)

A

Science and practice of preventing disease
Promoting health
Improving quality of life through the organised efforts of society

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4
Q

Aim of dental public health

A

Improve/tackle inequalities in oral health and healthcare

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5
Q

Public health policy must be (6)

A 
Person-centred
Safe
Effective
Efficient
Equitable
Timely
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6
Q

Criteria for public health policy (5)

A 
Prevalence of condition
Impact of condition on individuals (fatal/debilitating)
Impact on wider society (economic costs)
Condition is preventable
Effective treatments are available
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7
Q

Definition of epidemiology

A

Study of populations in order to determine frequency and distribution of disease

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8
Q

What epidemiology helps with (2)

A

Identifying risk factors for disease

Determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice and preventive medicine

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9
Q

Epidemiology has major roles in (6)

A 
Monitoring infectious and non-infectious disease
Study of natural history of disease
Investigating disease risk factors
Healthcare needs assessment
Development of preventive programmes
Evaluation of interventions
Health service planning
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10
Q

Types of epidemiological studies (3)

A

Descriptive (observational)
Analytic (observational - case-control, cohort)
Intervention/experimental

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11
Q

Definition of descriptive epidemiology

A

Measuring disease frequency (prevalence/incidence)

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12
Q

Definition and derivation of prevalence (2)

A

Measures all individuals affected by the disease within a particular period/point in time - the number of existing cases in a population
Derived from cross-sectional studies/registers

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13
Q

Use of prevalence

A

To estimate how common a condition is within a population over a period/point in time

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14
Q

Definition and derivation of incidence (2)

A

Measures the number of new individuals affected by a disease during a particular period of time - the number of new cases/events during a specific period in a defined population
Derived from longitudinal studies/registers

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15
Q

Example of disease with high prevalence (and low incidence) and why (2)

A

Diabetes

Prevalence is the cumulative sum of past incidence rates

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16
Q

Example of disease with high incidence (and low prevalence) and why (2)

A

Common cold

Many infected per year, but few have it at the same point in time

17
Q

Main variables in descriptive studies (3)

A

Time (when)
Place (where)
Person (who)

18
Q

Definition of descriptive epidemiology

A

Describes the burden of disease

19
Q

Types of survey methods (1)

A

Sampling

20
Q

Benefits of sampling (4)

A

Reduces cost
Reduces number to be involved
Higher information quality
Higher response rate

21
Q

Types of sampling (5)

A 
Simple random sample
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multi-stage sampling
22
Q

Definition of simple random sample

A

Selecting from a table of random numbers

23
Q

Definition of systematic sampling

A

Selecting at regular intervals from a complete list

24
Q

Definition of stratified sampling

A

Ensures small sub-groups are adequately represented

25
Q

Definition of cluster sampling

A

Use of a group as a sampling unit (school class)

26
Q

Definition of multi-stage sampling

A

Combination of all other sampling methods (simple random sample, systematic, stratified and cluster sampling)

27
Q

Types of error and bias (5)

A 
Sampling/selection bias
Response/information bias
Measurement error
Observer variation
Loss to follow-up
28
Q

Purpose of indices/index

A

To measure disease

29
Q

Properties of an ideal index (11)

A 
Clear
Unambiguous
Not subjective
Indicate treatment need
Reproducible
Not time-consuming
Acceptable to patient
Amendable to statistical analysis
Allows comparison with other studies
Within examiner ability
Corresponds with clinically important stages of disease
30
Q

Limitations of DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index (6)

A

Teeth extracted for other reasons (orthodontics)
Influenced by access
Influenced by past disease activity
Cannot be used for root caries
Threshold criteria of disease may vary
Difficulty in differential fissure sealants from restorations

31
Q

Types of fluorosis indices (4)

A

Fluorosis index (FI)
TF index
Tooth surface index
SCOTS index

32
Q

Type of orthodontic indices and use (2)

A

Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN)

Used for NHS orthodontic treatment funding

33
Q

Types of periodontal disease indices (3)

A

Plaque index
BPE
Modified gingival/lobene index

BDS2 PMHP (6 decks)

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