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BDS2 PMHP > Evidence Based Dentistry > Flashcards

Evidence Based Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of risk

A

The chance of something happening

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2
Q

Definition of outcome

A

Something that might happen

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3
Q

Definition of statistics

A

Numbers that summarise information; based on observations of large numbers

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4
Q

Risk calculation

A

(%) = no. of events of interest / total no. of events (x100)

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5
Q

Odds calculation

A

Number of events of interest / number without event of interest

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6
Q

Definition of absolute risk difference (ARD)

A

ARD - difference in risk between groups.

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7
Q

Definition of value of no difference

A

When ARD = 0 and/or RR = 1 and/or OR = 1 and there is no risk/benefit to one group

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8
Q

Definition of number needed to treat (NNT)

A

NNT= 1/ARD - number of patients required to prevent one patient developing outcome

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9
Q

NNT for statins

A

33

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10
Q

Definition of relative risk (RR)/risk ratio

A

Measure of likeliness of event in one group compared to another

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11
Q

Relative risk calculation

A

Calculate risk % in Tx and control groups; divide Tx by control group

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12
Q

Odds ratio calculation

A

Odds in Tx group / control group (number of events / number with no event)

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13
Q

Definition of confidence interval

A

Range of values that a population treatment is likely to lie in

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14
Q

How can confidence intervals be used to identify a difference between treatment and control groups (2)

A

A CI that straddles/overlaps the value of no difference indicates insufficient evidence for a difference
A CI that does not overlap/straddle the value of no difference indicates sufficient evidence for a difference

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15
Q

A wide confidence interval may be due to

A

Small sample size

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16
Q

Definition of case report/series

A

Report on a single patient with an outcome of interest

17
Q

Advantages (2) and disadvantages (2) of case report/series

A

Identifies new disease outcomes and generates hypotheses

Lack of control and no valid statistics

18
Q

Definition of cross-sectional study

A

Observation of a defined population at a simple point in time. Determines exposure and outcome at the same time

19
Q

Advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of cross-sectional study

A

Estimates prevalence and can investigate risk factors

Causality, confounding bias and recall bias

20
Q

Definition of cohort study

A

Measures exposure of an established group of individuals within a population. Follow up over a period of time and identifies outcomes of interest

21
Q

Advantages (4) and disadvantages (6) of cohort study

A

Estimates incidence and causes, prognosis and direction of events
Difficult identifying controls, confounding bias, blinding difficulties, expensive, time consuming and requires large numbers

22
Q

Definition of randomised control trial (RCT)

A

Gold standard design for effectiveness and efficacy

23
Q

Four design elements of a randomised control trial with examples (4)

A

Specification of participants (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
Control (existence of comparison group)
Randomisation (allocation of treatments to participants - minimise bias)
Blinding/masking (preventing anyone/everyone from knowing who is receiving what treatment)

24
Q

Benefit of allocation concealment

A

Prevents selection bias by concealing allocation sequence from those assigning participants to intervention groups until moment of assignment

25
Q

Disadvantages of randomised control trials (3)

A

Difficult to design (ethics, feasibility, cost)
Still risk of bias
Not always suitable

26
Q

Definition of meta-analysis

A

Compilation and analysis of data from many randomised control trials (multiple papers)

27
Q

Most scientifically sound type of research paper/trial and why (2)

A

Meta-analysis

Involves analysis of data from multiple papers

BDS2 PMHP (6 decks)

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