Public health Flashcards
State the 3 types of health behaviours
- Health behaviours (preventive actions)
- Illness behaviour (seeking remedies)
- Sick role behaviour (actions to recover)
State the main types of public health interventions
- Population-level (immunisation)
- Individual-level (patient centred care)
State the factors that influence risk perception
- Lack of personal experience
- Belief in preventability
- Belief in low likelihood if not experienced
- Perception of rarity
State the Health Belief Model
A behaviour change model where individuals more likely to change if:
1. Believe in susceptibility
2. Severity of consequences
3. Benefit of action
4. Benefits outweigh costs
State Theory of Planned Behaviour
Behaviour change is:
1. Driven by intention
2. Influenced by attitude
3. Social norms
4. Perceived control
State determinants of health
- Genes
- Environment
- Lifestyle
- Healthcare access
How is equity different from equality in healthcare
- Equity
- Fair treatment based on individual need
- Equality
- Everyone receives same share regardless of need
State the types of health needs
- Felt need
- Expressed need
- Normative need (professionally defined)
- Comparative need (based on comparisons)
State the main approaches to health needs assessment
- Epidemiological (based on data)
- Corporate (stakeholder input)
- Comparative (comparing different groups’ needs)
State Maxwell’s dimensions of healthcare quality
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Equity
- Acceptability
- Accessibility
- Appropriateness
State difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiology
- Incidence
- Number of new cases over time
- Prevalence
- Number of existing cases at a given time
State Bradford Hill criteria for causality
- Strength of association
- Dose-response
- Consistency
- Temporality
- Reversibility
- Biological plausibility
- Coherence
- Analogy
- Specificity
State the 3 types of prevention
- Primary (preventing disease)
- Secondary (early detection)
- Tertiary (managing disease for quality of life)
State prevention paradox
Preventive measure may benefit the population overall but offer little benefit to individual participants
State common types of epidemiological studies
- Cohort studies
- Case-control studies
- Cross-sectional studies
- RCT
- Ecological studies
- Meta-analysis
- Systematic review
Summarise Fraser Guidelines
Determine if minor can consent to medical treatment without parental knowledge
What criteria make a disease a public health concern
- High mortality
- High morbidity
- Contagiousness
- Treatment costs
5, Availability of effective intervention
Summarise Bolam Rule in medical negligence
Assesses if a reasonable doctor would have acted similarly in the same situation
Summarise Swiss Cheese Model of Error
- Multiple layers of defence in healthcare can fail
- Allowing errors to pass through gaps
What are the 3 domains of public health
- Health improvement (education, housing, employment)
- Health protection (immunisation)
- Healthcare (clinical effectiveness and governance)
What are the Stages of Change model
- Behaviour change as progression through stages
- Potential relapse
- And different speed of change
State factors that contribute to food behaviours in early life
- Maternal diet
- Breastfeeding
- Parenting practices
- Age of solid food introduction
- Types of food given
What are non-organic feeding disorders (NOFED) in young children?
- Feeding aversion
- Food refusal
Summarise ‘Unrealistic Optimism’ in health behaviour
- Belief risk is lower than it is
- Leading to continued health damaging behaviours
What is confounding in public health research
- A situation where an external factor associated with both the exposure and the outcome
- Affecting results independently of the main exposure
Summarise Wilson and Junger’s criteria for screening programs
- Important condition
- Detectable latent stage
- Validated and safe test
- Cost-effectiveness
- Effective treatment options for early detected cases
What does the duty of candor entail for HCPs
- Requirement to be open and honest with Pts
- When treatment errors cause or have potential to cause harm or distress
State never events in healthcare
- Serious preventable incidents that should not occur if proper preventive measures in place
State common types of bias in epidemiological studies
- Selection bias
- Information bias
- Allocation bias
- Publication bias
- Lead-time bias
- Length-time bias
State difference between absolute risk and relative risk
- Absolute
- Actual risk number
- Relative
- Compare risk between 2 different groups
State the types of screening
- Population-based screening
- Opportunistic screening
- Communicable disease screening
- Pre-employment medicals
- Commercially provided screening
Summarise Gillick competence
- Legal standard
- Assess if child under 16
- Consent to medical treatment
- Based on understanding, maturity and capacity
