Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 3A Conditions > Public health > Flashcards

Public health Flashcards

1
Q

What is public health?

A

Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and improving health through organised efforts in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is equity?

A

Giving people what they need to achieve equal outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is equality?

A

Giving everyone what they need to achieve equal outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is horizontal equity?

A

Equal treatment for people with equal healthcare needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vertical equity?

A

Unequal treatment for unequal healthcare needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the inverse care law?

A

Availability of health care tends to vary inversely with its need.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the key determinants of health?

A

PROGRESS:
Place of residence
Race
Occupation
Gender
Religion
Education
Socio-economic
Social capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three domains of public health?

A

Health improvement (interventions promoting overall health)

Health protection (environmental hazards and infectious disease protection).

Improving services. (logistics of healthcare).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Maxwell’s dimensions of quality of healthcare?

A

“3 As and 3 Es”

Acceptability
Accessibility
Appropriateness
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Other than Maxwell’s dimensions, what can be used to assess quality of healthcare?

A

Structure, process, outcome:

S - What is there?
P - What goes on?
O - What are the outcomes?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three components of a health needs assessment for a specific health issue?

A

Need demand and supply

Need - ability to benefit from an intervention
Demand - What people ask for
Supply - What is provided.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 types of need? Define each type

A

Felt need. Individual perception (e.g. feeling unwell)

Expressed need. Individual seeks help from the doctor.

Normative need. Professional defines intervention for the expressed need.

Comparative need. Needs identified by comparing services received by one group to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 perspectives of a health needs assessment?

A

Epidemiological perspective.

Comparative perspective.

Corporate perspective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How a health needs assessment from the epidemiological perspective carried out? Advantages and disadvantages?

A

Looks at size of population, services available and evidence base.

Good:
Uses pre-existing data
Provides data on disease

Bad:
Quality of data is variable
Data collected may not be required
Does not consider needs/opinions of patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How a health needs assessment from the comparative perspective carried out?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Compares services and outcomes received by a population with other populations.

Good:
Quick and cheap if data readily available.
Shows is services are better or worse than the compared group.

Bad:
Can be difficult to find a comparable population.
Data may not be available/be high quality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How a health needs assessment from the corporate perspective carried out?

A

Ask local population what their health needs are. Use focus groups, interviews, public meetings etc.

Good:
Based on needs expressed by the population.
Takes into account a wide range of views.

Bad:
Can be difficult to distinguish need from demand.
Groups may have vested interests.
May be political agendas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three approaches to resource allocation?

What type of resource allocation does the NHS aim for?

A

Egalitarian (NHS aim) - Provide all care that is necessary and required to everyone. Equal but too expensive.

Maximising - Act is evaluated solely in terms of its consequences. Good as resources allocated to those most likely to receive benefit, but bad as those who are deemed to not benefit enough will receive nothing.

Libertarian - Each is responsible for their own health. Good as promotes positive engagement, but bad as most diseases are not self-inflicted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of prevention?

Give an example of each.

A

Primary prevention - preventing the disease from occurring in the first place (e.g. vaccination)

secondary prevention - Early identification of the disease to alter disease course (e.g. screening)

Tertiary prevention - Limit consequences of an established disease (e.g. blood pressure medication for dialysis for CKD).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two approaches to prevention?

A

Population approach - Prevention delivered to everyone to shift the risk factor distribution curve.

High risk approach - Identify individuals above a chosen cut-off and treat them. (e.g. high blood pressure screening).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the prevention paradox?

A

A prevention measure which brings much benefit to the population offers little benefit to each participating individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the purpose of screening?

A

To identify seemingly well individuals who have or are at risk of developing a particular disease so you can have an impact on the outcome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of screening?

A

Harm from the screening test
Over treatment of the underlying disease.
Treatment risks.
Difficult decisions based on results.
Anxiety/false reassurance.
Incorrect results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the advantages of screening tests?

A

Informed decisions
Reassurance
More effective treatment
Better future health
Reproductive choice

24
Q

What are the three pregnancy screening tests?

A

Infectious disease screening (HIV, syphilis and Hep B)
Sickle cell and thalassaemia
Fetal anomaly screening.

25
Q

What are the three screening tests in newborn babies?

A

NIPE (Heart, eyes, hips, testes)
Newborn hearing screening.
Newborn bloodspot screen (sickle cell, CF, congenital hyperthyroidism, metabolic diseases)

26
Q

What are the five screening tests in young people and adults?

A

AAA screening
Bowel cancer screening
Breast cancer screening
Cervical screening
Diabetic eye screening

27
Q

What is the Wilson and Junger criteria for screening tests?

A

In Exam Season NAP:
Important disease
Effective treatment available
Simple and safe
Natural hx of disease known
Acceptable to population (not too invasive)
Policy on who to treat agreed.

28
Q

What is sensitivity of a test?

A

The proportion of people with the disease who are correctly identified.

29
Q

What is the specificity of a test?

A

The proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded.

30
Q

What is positive predictive value of a test?

A

The proportion of people who test +ve who have the disease.

31
Q

What is the negative predictive value of a test?

A

The proportion of people who test -ve who dont have the disease.

32
Q

What is the length time bias of screening?

A

Screening is more likely to detect slow-growing disease that has a long phase without symptoms.

More likely to appear to live longer as it is picking up less dangerous cases.

33
Q

What is the lead time bias of screening?

A

Patients are diagnosed earlier so appear to live longer with the disease.

34
Q

What is a case control study?

A

Retrospective observational study looking at cause of disease.

Compares similar participant with disease to controls without disease.

35
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Retrospective observational study that collects data from a population at a specific point in time.

36
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Prospective longitudinal study looking at separate cohorts with different treatments or exposures. Wait to see if disease occurs.

37
Q

What is a randomised control trial?

A

Prospective study - all participants randomly assigned exposure or control intervention.

38
Q

How to calculate the odds ratio?

A

Compare odds of one event occurring compared to another event occurring.

39
Q

What is the definition of number needed to treat?

A

The number of patients who would need treatment for one to benefit.

40
Q

What are the four types of information bias?

What are the two other types of bias?

A

IB:
- Measurement bias
- Observer bias
- Recall bias
- Reporting bias

Other:
- Selection bias
- Publication bias

41
Q

What is the definition of incidence?

A

The number of new cases over a certain time period

42
Q

What is prevelance?

A

The number of cases at a certain point in time.

43
Q

What is a health behaviour?

A

Aimed to prevent disease (e.g. regular exercise)

44
Q

What is an illness behaviour?

A

Aimed to seek remedy (e.g. going to the doctors)

45
Q

What is a sick role behaviour?

A

Aimed at getting well (e.g. taking medication)

46
Q

What are the four influences on perceptions of risk?

A

1) Lack of personal experience with the problem.
2) Belief that it is not preventable by personal action.
3) Belief that if it has not happened by now, it is unlikely to.
4) Belief that the problem is infrequent.

47
Q

What are the four points in the health belief model that make an individual likely to change their behaviour?

A

1) Believe they are susceptible to the condition.
2) Believe in serious consequences.
3) Believe taking action will reduce susceptibility
4) Believe that benefits of taking action outweigh the costs.

48
Q

What are the 6 stages of change?

A

1) pre-contemplation. No intention of changing behaviour.
2) contemplation. Aware of the problem but no commitment to action.
3) Preparation. Intent on taking action to address the problem.
4) Action. Active modification of behaviour.
5) Maintenance. Sustained change, new behaviour replaces the old.
6) Relapse. Fall back into old patterns.

49
Q

What are the three components of Maslow’s hierachy of needs?

A

Basic needs (bottom of pyramid)
Psychological needs (middle of pyramid)
Self fulfilment needs (top of pyramid)

50
Q

What are the tools used in assessing alcohol dependancy?

A

CAGE questionnaire.
AUDIT

51
Q

What are the components of a CAGE questionnaire?

A

Have you ever felt you should CUT down your drinking?
Have you ever been ANNOYED by someone else commenting on your drinking?
Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
Have you ever used alcohol as a morning EYE OPENER to get rid of your hangover?

52
Q

What is the threshold for referral to services on an AUDIT questionnaire?

A

15 is the general threshold for referral.

53
Q

What is the calculation for units of alcohol drunk?

A

Volume drunk (L) x percentage of alcohol.

54
Q

What is the recommended weekly alcohol intake in adults?

A

No more than 14 per week spread over at least 3 days.

55
Q

What is the difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee?

A

An asylum seeker is someone applying for refugee status.

A refugee - someone who has been granted asylum, usually lasting for 5 years.

56
Q

What is an asylum seeker entitled to?

A

If their application has been refused, only entitled to emergency services. Charged for everything else.

57
Q
A

Phase 3A Conditions (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions